Compare by outcome
This page starts from a topic, such as sleep or blood pressure, and lists every use EBL has graded on it, whatever kind of record it sits in: supplements, protocols, devices and therapies, and prescriptions. Each row gives the use in the record’s own words and the letter for that use.
Uses under one topic are about the same area, not the same outcome. A B for sleep onset in one condition does not beat a C for sleep quality in another, so rows are listed by record name, never by letter. A letter grades the human trial evidence for one use, not the product or the record as a whole. To set two records side by side, use Compare two records.
Blood pressure
32 graded uses across device or therapy, protocol, supplement records, by record name.
| Record | Kind | The use, as graded | Letter | What was measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aged garlic extract (480 mg/day for blood pressure; 2.4 g/day in plaque trials) | Protocol | Blood pressure in people with hypertension | B | Surrogate biomarker A measurable sign in the body, such as a blood test value, used to track a condition or the effect of a treatment. |
| Alcohol reduction | Protocol | Blood pressure in people drinking more than two drinks a day | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Astaxanthin | Supplement | Cholesterol, blood pressure and arterial stiffness | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate | Supplement | Blood pressure in hypertension | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Blood pressure lowering: treating high blood pressure and intensive targets | Protocol | Intensive systolic target (under 120 to 130 mm Hg) against a standard target: major cardiovascular events | A | Hard clinical endpoint An outcome that matters directly to a person and is counted without judgment, such as death, heart attack, stroke or fracture. |
| Blood pressure lowering: treating high blood pressure and intensive targets | Protocol | Lowering blood pressure in people with high blood pressure, against placebo An inactive substitute made to look like the real treatment, so participants cannot tell which one they received. or less treatment: major cardiovascular events and death | A | Hard clinical endpoint The outcome a trial measures to decide whether the treatment worked, such as heart attacks, blood pressure or a symptom score. |
| Blood pressure lowering: treating high blood pressure and intensive targets | Protocol | Treating high blood pressure in adults aged 80 and over | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| CPAP for obstructive sleep apnea | Device or therapy | Blood pressure in adults with obstructive sleep apnea | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| DASH dietary pattern | Protocol | Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DASH, DASH-Sodium) | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Exogenous Ketones (Ketone Esters and Salts) | Supplement | Blood pressure | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| Fasting-mimicking diet (FMD, 5-day cycles) | Protocol | Blood pressure against an unrestricted diet, adults without diabetes | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Folic Acid (supplemental, 1 mg/day) | Supplement | First-stroke prevention in hypertensive adults without prior stroke or MI, in populations without grain folate fortification (0.8 mg/day with enalapril) | B | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Home blood pressure monitoring | Device or therapy | Blood pressure reduction (validated surrogate) | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Hypoglossal nerve stimulation for obstructive sleep apnea | Device or therapy | Blood pressure in implanted adults with obstructive sleep apnea | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Inspiratory Muscle Training | Device or therapy | Resting systolic blood pressure, high-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Isometric Handgrip Training | Device or therapy | Resting systolic blood pressure (surrogate, objective) | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| L-Citrulline | Supplement | Blood pressure in adults | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Magnesium Glycinate 300–400 mg elemental | Protocol | Blood pressure | DNot yet tested | Surrogate biomarker |
| Nattokinase | Supplement | Resting blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Oral appliance (mandibular advancement) for obstructive sleep apnea | Device or therapy | Apnea severity, daytime sleepiness and blood pressure against inactive control and against CPAP | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| PectaSol Modified Citrus Pectin (MCP) | Supplement | Collagen turnover and cardiac remodeling markers in hypertension with raised galectin-3 | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| Pterostilbene | Supplement | Blood pressure in adults with raised cholesterol | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Quercetin | Supplement | Blood pressure at 500 mg/day or more | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| REHIT / Sprint Interval Training | Device or therapy | Blood pressure | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) | Supplement | Blood glucose, lipids and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| Resistance training 2–3×/week | Protocol | Resting blood pressure | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Sleep duration & quality (as longevity target) | Device or therapy | Blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and glucose after behavioral sleep extension in habitual short sleepers | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Sodium reduction to under 2,300 mg/day | Protocol | Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (Cochrane meta-analysis A study that pools the numbers from several trials into one combined estimate.) | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Sulforaphane (Broccoli Sprout Extract) | Supplement | Blood pressure and endothelial function in hypertension | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| Teeth and gums: periodontal treatment and daily oral hygiene | Protocol | Blood pressure and artery function, intensive periodontal treatment | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Traditional Finnish Sauna (dry sauna) | Device or therapy | Blood pressure and fitness when sauna follows regular exercise | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | Supplement | Blood pressure | C | Surrogate biomarker |
Cholesterol and blood fats
20 graded uses across device or therapy, protocol, supplement records, by record name.
| Record | Kind | The use, as graded | Letter | What was measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amla (Indian Gooseberry, Emblica officinalis) | Supplement | Lipid profile (LDL Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the cholesterol fraction most closely tied to plaque in the arteries., triglycerides) | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Astaxanthin | Supplement | Cholesterol, blood pressure and arterial stiffness | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Berberine 1.0 to 1.2 g/day (with meals) | Protocol | HbA1c A blood test that reflects average blood sugar over the previous two to three months. and LDL cholesterol in type 2 diabetes | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Berberine HCl | Supplement | HbA1c, fasting glucose and LDL cholesterol in type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate / Green Tea Extract) | Supplement | LDL cholesterol | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Lipids: lowering LDL cholesterol, and the contrast with raising HDL or lowering triglycerides | Protocol | Heart attack, stroke and cardiovascular death, lowering LDL cholesterol in people without vascular disease who are at raised risk | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Lipids: lowering LDL cholesterol, and the contrast with raising HDL or lowering triglycerides | Protocol | Heart attack, stroke and cardiovascular death, lowering triglycerides with a fibrate added to a statin | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Lipids: lowering LDL cholesterol, and the contrast with raising HDL or lowering triglycerides | Protocol | Heart attack, stroke and death, lowering LDL cholesterol in people with established vascular disease or after an acute coronary syndrome | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Lipids: lowering LDL cholesterol, and the contrast with raising HDL or lowering triglycerides | Protocol | Heart attack, stroke and death, raising HDL cholesterol with CETP inhibitors, niacin or apolipoprotein A1 infusion | DTested, harm found | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Lipids: lowering LDL cholesterol, and the contrast with raising HDL or lowering triglycerides | Protocol | Major cardiovascular events, high-dose icosapent ethyl in statin-treated people with raised triglycerides | B | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Molecular Hydrogen Water | Device or therapy | Total and LDL cholesterol in adults with overweight, obesity or metabolic disorders | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Oat beta-glucan (3 g/day or more) for LDL-C | Protocol | LDL cholesterol | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Pentadecanoic Acid (C15:0, fatty15) | Supplement | LDL cholesterol and liver enzymes (surrogate) | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Plant sterols or stanols 1.6 to 2 g/day | Protocol | LDL cholesterol | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Psyllium husk (10 to 15 g/day) for LDL-C | Protocol | Total and LDL cholesterol | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Pterostilbene | Supplement | LDL cholesterol in adults enrolled for raised cholesterol | DTested, harm found | Surrogate biomarker |
| Quercetin | Supplement | Blood lipids | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) | Supplement | Blood glucose, lipids and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| Seed oils: linoleic-acid vegetable oils in place of saturated fat | Protocol | LDL and total cholesterol when linoleic-acid oils replace saturated fat | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Whole-food plant-based diet | Protocol | LDL cholesterol compared with a typical omnivorous diet | B | Surrogate biomarker |
Blood sugar and insulin
34 graded uses across device or therapy, prescription, protocol, supplement records, by record name.
| Record | Kind | The use, as graded | Letter | What was measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acarbose | Prescription | Progression from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Akkermansia muciniphila | Supplement | Insulin sensitivity and metabolic markers in overweight or insulin-resistant adults | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| Alpha-Lipoic Acid (racemic) 300–600 mg/day | Protocol | Glucose and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Amla (Indian Gooseberry, Emblica officinalis) | Supplement | Glycemic control (fasting glucose, HbA1c) | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Berberine 1.0 to 1.2 g/day (with meals) | Protocol | HbA1c and LDL cholesterol in type 2 diabetes | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Berberine HCl | Supplement | HbA1c, fasting glucose and LDL cholesterol in type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) | Supplement | Glycemic markers | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Carnosine | Supplement | Glycemic markers in prediabetes or type 2 diabetes | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Chromium (Picolinate) | Supplement | Glycemic markers | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Cinnamon (Cassia / Ceylon) | Supplement | Fasting glucose and HbA1c | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Exogenous Ketones (Ketone Esters and Salts) | Supplement | Blood glucose after a meal or glucose drink | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Fasting-mimicking diet (FMD, 5-day cycles) | Protocol | Blood pressure against an unrestricted diet, adults without diabetes | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Fasting-mimicking diet (FMD, 5-day cycles) | Protocol | Glycemic management in type 2 diabetes on metformin or diet alone | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Fasting-mimicking diet (FMD, 5-day cycles) | Protocol | HbA1c and IGF-1 against an unrestricted diet, adults without diabetes | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) | Protocol | Insulin sensitivity and metabolic markers in metabolic syndrome and obesity | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) | Supplement | Glycemic markers (blood sugar) | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Gymnema sylvestre | Supplement | Glycemic markers in impaired glucose tolerance, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Infrared Sauna | Device or therapy | Acute glycemic control, T2DM | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| Magnesium Glycinate 300–400 mg | Protocol | Insulin resistance | DNot yet tested | Surrogate biomarker |
| NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) | Supplement | Muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic postmenopausal women | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| NMN 250–500 mg/day | Protocol | Insulin sensitivity and blood NAD | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| NR (Nicotinamide Riboside) | Supplement | Insulin sensitivity in obese insulin-resistant men | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| Quercetin | Supplement | Glycemic control in metabolic syndrome and related disorders | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| REHIT / Sprint Interval Training | Device or therapy | Insulin sensitivity and glucose control | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) | Supplement | Blood glucose, lipids and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| Resistance training 2–3×/week | Protocol | Glycemic control in type 2 diabetes | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Retatrutide | Prescription | HbA1c in adults with type 2 diabetes | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Sleep duration & quality (as longevity target) | Device or therapy | Blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and glucose after behavioral sleep extension in habitual short sleepers | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Sulforaphane (Broccoli Sprout Extract) | Supplement | Glucose control and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Taurine | Supplement | Glycemic control in type 2 diabetes | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Teeth and gums: periodontal treatment and daily oral hygiene | Protocol | HbA1c, scaling and root planing in people with diabetes and periodontitis | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Tirzepatide | Prescription | Onset of type 2 diabetes in obesity with prediabetes | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Vitamin D3 | Supplement | Progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Whole-food plant-based diet | Protocol | HbA1c in adults with type 2 diabetes | B | Surrogate biomarker |
Heart attack, stroke and cardiovascular events
37 graded uses across device or therapy, prescription, protocol, supplement records, by record name.
| Record | Kind | The use, as graded | Letter | What was measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2-HOBA (2-Hydroxybenzylamine) | Supplement | Atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation | DTested, harm found | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Alcohol reduction | Protocol | Atrial fibrillation recurrence in regular drinkers with AF | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Blood pressure lowering: treating high blood pressure and intensive targets | Protocol | Intensive systolic target (under 120 to 130 mm Hg) against a standard target: major cardiovascular events | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) | Supplement | Chronic heart failure events, including hospitalization, as an adjunct A treatment tested on top of standard prescribed therapy rather than in place of it. to standard therapy | B | Hard clinical endpoint |
| CPAP for obstructive sleep apnea | Device or therapy | Heart attack, stroke and cardiovascular death in adults with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea, mostly without daytime sleepiness | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Exogenous Ketones (Ketone Esters and Salts) | Supplement | Cardiac output and filling pressures in heart failure | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Exogenous Ketones (Ketone Esters and Salts) | Supplement | Exercise capacity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction | DTested, no benefit | Measured function |
| Folic Acid (supplemental, 1 mg/day) | Supplement | First-stroke prevention in hypertensive adults without prior stroke or MI, in populations without grain folate fortification (0.8 mg/day with enalapril) | B | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Folic Acid (supplemental, 1 mg/day) | Supplement | Major cardiovascular events in people with vascular disease (folic acid with vitamins B6 and B12) | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| General health checks (multi-organ screening of asymptomatic adults) | Protocol | All-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality in adults unselected for disease | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Infrared Sauna | Device or therapy | Chronic heart failure (adjunct) | C | Measured function |
| Lipids: lowering LDL cholesterol, and the contrast with raising HDL or lowering triglycerides | Protocol | Heart attack, stroke and cardiovascular death, lowering LDL cholesterol in people without vascular disease who are at raised risk | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Lipids: lowering LDL cholesterol, and the contrast with raising HDL or lowering triglycerides | Protocol | Heart attack, stroke and cardiovascular death, lowering triglycerides with a fibrate added to a statin | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Lipids: lowering LDL cholesterol, and the contrast with raising HDL or lowering triglycerides | Protocol | Heart attack, stroke and death, lowering LDL cholesterol in people with established vascular disease or after an acute coronary syndrome | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Lipids: lowering LDL cholesterol, and the contrast with raising HDL or lowering triglycerides | Protocol | Heart attack, stroke and death, raising HDL cholesterol with CETP inhibitors, niacin or apolipoprotein A1 infusion | DTested, harm found | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Lipids: lowering LDL cholesterol, and the contrast with raising HDL or lowering triglycerides | Protocol | Major cardiovascular events, high-dose icosapent ethyl in statin-treated people with raised triglycerides | B | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Magnesium | Supplement | Cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Mediterranean diet + extra-virgin olive oil | Protocol | Major cardiovascular events (PREDIMED) | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Omega-3 EPA/DHA 2 to 4 g/day (general supplementation) | Protocol | Cardiovascular events, including coronary death | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Omega-3. High-dose EPA (icosapent ethyl, 4 g) | Supplement | Major adverse cardiovascular events, high-dose icosapent ethyl | B | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Omega-3. High-dose EPA (icosapent ethyl, 4 g) | Supplement | Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Red Yeast Rice (Monacolin K) | Supplement | Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Regular blood donation (iron reduction) | Protocol | All-cause death; death, nonfatal heart attack or stroke | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Seed oils: linoleic-acid vegetable oils in place of saturated fat | Protocol | Coronary and cardiovascular events when linoleic-acid oils replace saturated fat | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Semaglutide | Prescription | Cardiovascular death, heart attack and stroke in people with cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Serrapeptase (Serratiopeptidase) | Supplement | Systemic inflammation, cardiovascular or longevity use | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin, dapagliflozin) | Prescription | Cardiovascular death, heart-failure hospitalization and kidney-failure progression | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Statins (simvastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin) | Prescription | Death and major cardiovascular events in people with coronary heart disease or other established vascular disease | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Statins (simvastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin) | Prescription | Heart attack, stroke and cardiovascular death in people without cardiovascular disease who are at raised risk | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Statins (simvastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin) | Prescription | Major cardiovascular events in adults aged 70 and over without cardiovascular disease | B | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Teeth and gums: periodontal treatment and daily oral hygiene | Protocol | Heart attack, stroke and death, periodontal treatment | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Transcendental Meditation (TM) · secondary CVD prevention | Protocol | Death, heart attack and stroke in coronary heart disease | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | Supplement | Major cardiovascular events | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Vitamin D3 | Supplement | Cardiovascular prevention (already-replete adults) | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Vitamin E (supplemental alpha-tocopherol) | Supplement | Major cardiovascular events | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Vitamin K2 (MK-7 / Menaquinone-7) | Supplement | Arterial stiffness and coronary artery calcification | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Whole-food plant-based diet | Protocol | Heart attack, stroke, mortality and longevity | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
Death from any cause, and lifespan
50 graded uses across device or therapy, prescription, protocol, supplement records, by record name.
| Record | Kind | The use, as graded | Letter | What was measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol reduction | Protocol | All-cause mortality in middle-aged men with heavy drinking, screening with an intervention to drink less | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| APOE genotype testing (learning your APOE result) | Protocol | Dementia, heart disease and death after learning the APOE result | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Aspirin (low-dose, primary prevention in healthy older adults) | Protocol | Disability-free survival in healthy adults aged 70 and over | DTested, harm found | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Blood Flow Restriction Training | Device or therapy | Longevity / mortality | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| CPAP for obstructive sleep apnea | Device or therapy | Heart attack, stroke and cardiovascular death in adults with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea, mostly without daytime sleepiness | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) | Supplement | Longevity, healthspan or mortality, taken by mouth | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Exercise dose: how much weekly activity, from minutes a week to daily steps | Protocol | Death from any cause, five years of supervised exercise on top of guideline-level activity, adults aged 70 to 77 | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Exosome Therapy (extracellular vesicles) | Device or therapy | Systemic or intravenous administration for longevity, healthspan or anti-aging | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) | Protocol | Aging, frailty and longevity in older or healthy adults | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| General health checks (multi-organ screening of asymptomatic adults) | Protocol | All-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality in adults unselected for disease | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Influenza vaccination (yearly flu shot), for older adults | Protocol | Death from any cause, standard-dose vaccine against placebo, adults aged 60 and older | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Ketogenic diet (very-low-carbohydrate) | Protocol | Longevity and cardiometabolic markers in adults | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Lipids: lowering LDL cholesterol, and the contrast with raising HDL or lowering triglycerides | Protocol | Heart attack, stroke and cardiovascular death, lowering LDL cholesterol in people without vascular disease who are at raised risk | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Lipids: lowering LDL cholesterol, and the contrast with raising HDL or lowering triglycerides | Protocol | Heart attack, stroke and cardiovascular death, lowering triglycerides with a fibrate added to a statin | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Lipids: lowering LDL cholesterol, and the contrast with raising HDL or lowering triglycerides | Protocol | Heart attack, stroke and death, lowering LDL cholesterol in people with established vascular disease or after an acute coronary syndrome | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Lipids: lowering LDL cholesterol, and the contrast with raising HDL or lowering triglycerides | Protocol | Heart attack, stroke and death, raising HDL cholesterol with CETP inhibitors, niacin or apolipoprotein A1 infusion | DTested, harm found | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Low-dose CT screening for lung cancer in heavy smokers | Device or therapy | Death from any cause, current and former heavy smokers | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Magnesium | Supplement | Cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Mammography screening for breast cancer | Device or therapy | Death from any cause, women invited to mammography screening | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Multi-cancer early detection blood test (cell-free DNA) | Device or therapy | Incidence of late-stage (III and IV) cancer at diagnosis, a stage-shift surrogate for cancer mortality | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) | Supplement | Longevity, healthspan or mortality | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Omega-3 EPA/DHA 2 to 4 g/day (general supplementation) | Protocol | Cardiovascular events, including coronary death | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Pneumococcal vaccination (pneumonia vaccines), for older adults | Protocol | Pneumonia from any cause and death, 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine, adults in high-income countries | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| PSA screening for prostate cancer | Device or therapy | Death from any cause, men invited to PSA screening | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Purpose in life: meaning-centered therapy, purpose programs and volunteering | Protocol | Death, dementia and heart disease | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Quitting smoking: programs and medicines | Protocol | Death from any cause, a quit-smoking program, middle-aged smokers | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Reducing anticholinergic drug burden | Protocol | Cognition, falls, quality of life and mortality | DTested, no benefit | Measured function |
| Regular blood donation (iron reduction) | Protocol | All-cause death; death, nonfatal heart attack or stroke | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Seed oils: linoleic-acid vegetable oils in place of saturated fat | Protocol | All-cause mortality when linoleic-acid oils replace saturated fat | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Semaglutide | Prescription | Cardiovascular death, heart attack and stroke in people with cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Sermorelin (GHRH 1-29) | Supplement | Mortality, frailty and longevity | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Serrapeptase (Serratiopeptidase) | Supplement | Systemic inflammation, cardiovascular or longevity use | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin, dapagliflozin) | Prescription | Cardiovascular death, heart-failure hospitalization and kidney-failure progression | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy screening for colorectal cancer | Device or therapy | Colorectal cancer deaths and death from any cause, an invitation to screening colonoscopy, adults aged 55 to 64 | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Social connection programs for loneliness in older adults | Protocol | Mortality in lonely older adults, psychosocial group rehabilitation | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Spermidine | Supplement | Aging, longevity, mortality | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Statins (simvastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin) | Prescription | Death and major cardiovascular events in people with coronary heart disease or other established vascular disease | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Statins (simvastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin) | Prescription | Disability-free survival (living without dementia or persistent physical disability) in adults aged 70 and over without cardiovascular disease | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Statins (simvastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin) | Prescription | Heart attack, stroke and cardiovascular death in people without cardiovascular disease who are at raised risk | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Stool-based colorectal screening (gFOBT and FIT) | Device or therapy | Colorectal cancer mortality versus colonoscopy | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Stool-based colorectal screening (gFOBT and FIT) | Device or therapy | Colorectal cancer mortality, fecal immunochemical test (FIT) specifically | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Stool-based colorectal screening (gFOBT and FIT) | Device or therapy | Colorectal cancer mortality, guaiac FOBT (gFOBT) | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Structured exercise program after treatment for non-metastatic cancer | Protocol | Disease-free survival and overall survival after curative-intent treatment for non-metastatic cancer, structured exercise program against health education or usual care | B | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Taurine | Supplement | Aging, longevity, mortality | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Teeth and gums: periodontal treatment and daily oral hygiene | Protocol | Heart attack, stroke and death, periodontal treatment | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Transcendental Meditation (TM) · secondary CVD prevention | Protocol | Death, heart attack and stroke in coronary heart disease | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Turkey Tail (Trametes versicolor / PSK) | Supplement | Overall survival after curative resection of colorectal or gastric cancer, PSK added to chemotherapy | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Vitamin D3 | Supplement | All-cause mortality (older adults not selected for vitamin D status) | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Whole-body MRI screening (asymptomatic adults) | Device or therapy | Cancer mortality or all-cause mortality in asymptomatic screened adults | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Whole-food plant-based diet | Protocol | Heart attack, stroke, mortality and longevity | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
Body weight and body fat
10 graded uses across device or therapy, prescription, protocol, supplement records, by record name.
| Record | Kind | The use, as graded | Letter | What was measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akkermansia muciniphila | Supplement | Weight regain after diet-induced weight loss, adults with overweight or obesity | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Avoiding ultra-processed food | Protocol | Short-term energy intake and body weight | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Exercise dose: how much weekly activity, from minutes a week to daily steps | Protocol | Body weight and fat mass with a larger weekly exercise amount, without dieting | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) | Protocol | Insulin sensitivity and metabolic markers in metabolic syndrome and obesity | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Intermittent fasting (5:2 / alternate-day energy restriction) | Protocol | Weight and cardiometabolic markers, compared with daily calorie restriction | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Rapamycin (Sirolimus) | Prescription | Visceral adiposity and physical function (chair-stand repetitions) in older adults | DTested, no benefit | Measured function |
| Retatrutide | Prescription | Body weight in adults with obesity | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Sleep duration & quality (as longevity target) | Device or therapy | Energy intake and body weight after sleep extension in adults with overweight who sleep under 6.5 hours | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Time-restricted eating (early, 6 to 10 hour window) | Protocol | Weight and metabolic markers with calories held equal | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Weekly vigorous exercise volume compressed into one session (weekend warrior pattern) | Protocol | Fat mass by DXA (primary) and maximal aerobic capacity, VO2max The most oxygen the body can use during all-out exercise, a standard measure of aerobic fitness. (secondary), under one weekly session against control | C | Surrogate biomarker |
Muscle strength and muscle mass
22 graded uses across device or therapy, prescription, protocol, supplement records, by record name.
| Record | Kind | The use, as graded | Letter | What was measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adequate dietary protein (1.2 to 1.6 g/kg/day) | Protocol | Strength gains (one-repetition maximum) during resistance training, healthy adults | A | Measured function |
| Astaxanthin | Supplement | Muscle damage markers after exercise | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Blood Flow Restriction Training | Device or therapy | Sarcopenia Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. / older adults | C | Measured function |
| Carnosine | Supplement | Musculoskeletal measures (strength, lean mass, bone) in prediabetes or type 2 diabetes | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) | Supplement | Statin-associated muscle symptoms | C | Self-report |
| Cold Water Immersion | Device or therapy | Muscle soreness and short-term recovery after strenuous exercise | B | Self-report |
| Cold Water Immersion | Device or therapy | Strength and muscle gains when used after resistance training sessions | DTested, harm found | Measured function |
| Concurrent training sequence: resistance before aerobic (same session) | Protocol | Lower-body dynamic strength (1RM) and maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) under concurrent training | B | Measured function |
| Creatine Monohydrate | Supplement | Muscle strength with resistance training in older adults | A | Measured function |
| HMB (Beta-Hydroxy Beta-Methylbutyrate) | Supplement | Muscle mass and handgrip strength in adults with diagnosed sarcopenia | C | Measured function |
| HMB (Beta-Hydroxy Beta-Methylbutyrate) | Supplement | Muscle mass and strength in adults over 50 without sarcopenia | C | Measured function |
| HMB (Beta-Hydroxy Beta-Methylbutyrate) | Supplement | Strength and hypertrophy in resistance-trained young men | DTested, no benefit | Measured function |
| Inspiratory Muscle Training | Device or therapy | Resting systolic blood pressure, high-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Metformin (for longevity) | Prescription | Muscle and mitochondrial gains from exercise training in healthy older adults | DTested, harm found | Measured function |
| Montmorency Tart Cherry | Supplement | Recovery of muscle strength after strenuous exercise | C | Measured function |
| Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) after Knee Replacement | Device or therapy | Early quadriceps strength and mobility after total knee replacement, compared with usual care (dynamometer strength, timed up-and-go) | A | Measured function |
| NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) | Supplement | Muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic postmenopausal women | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Pneumatic Compression (sequential) | Protocol | Exercise recovery / muscle soreness | C | Self-report |
| Resistance training 2–3×/week | Protocol | Muscle size and strength, progressive overload | A | Measured function |
| Sermorelin (GHRH 1-29) | Supplement | Body composition and lean mass in older adults | DNot yet tested | Surrogate biomarker |
| Sulforaphane (Broccoli Sprout Extract) | Supplement | Exercise recovery, muscle damage markers and performance | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Urolithin A | Supplement | Muscle endurance, strength and mitochondrial markers, where the pre-registered primary endpoints The one outcome a trial names in advance as its main test. Results on other outcomes carry less weight. were missed | C | Measured function |
Fitness and physical function
26 graded uses across device or therapy, prescription, protocol, supplement records, by record name.
| Record | Kind | The use, as graded | Letter | What was measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic exercise (Zone 2) 150 min/week | Protocol | Measured VO2max after low-to-moderate intensity aerobic training, against no exercise | A | Measured function |
| Concurrent training sequence: resistance before aerobic (same session) | Protocol | Lower-body dynamic strength (1RM) and maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) under concurrent training | B | Measured function |
| Cordyceps (Cordyceps sinensis / militaris) | Supplement | Exercise performance / VO2 surrogate measures | C | Measured function |
| Exercise dose: how much weekly activity, from minutes a week to daily steps | Protocol | Heart and circulation events and fractures after a 12-week pedometer walking program, adults aged 45 to 75 | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Exercise dose: how much weekly activity, from minutes a week to daily steps | Protocol | Measured VO2max rises more with a larger weekly exercise amount, in inactive middle-aged and older adults | A | Measured function |
| Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) | Protocol | Aging, frailty and longevity in older or healthy adults | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Mesenchymal stem cell therapy (intravenous, allogeneic laromestrocel) | Device or therapy | 6-minute walk distance and physical function in diagnosed aging frailty | C | Measured function |
| MitoQ (Mitoquinone Mesylate) | Supplement | Physical function in healthy older adults | DTested, no benefit | Measured function |
| Mobility and fall-prevention protocols | Protocol | Falls in older adults | B | Self-report |
| NR (Nicotinamide Riboside) | Supplement | Six-minute walk distance in peripheral artery disease | C | Measured function |
| Padma Basic (Tibetan multi-herb formula) | Supplement | Pain-free and maximum walking distance in intermittent claudication | C | Measured function |
| Power (high-velocity) resistance training versus traditional strength training | Protocol | Physical function in adults 60 and over, power versus traditional strength training | C | Measured function |
| Rapamycin (Sirolimus) | Prescription | Visceral adiposity and physical function (chair-stand repetitions) in older adults | DTested, no benefit | Measured function |
| Reducing anticholinergic drug burden | Protocol | Cognition, falls, quality of life and mortality | DTested, no benefit | Measured function |
| REHIT / Sprint Interval Training | Device or therapy | Cardiorespiratory fitness (measured VO2max) in inactive adults, REHIT protocol | B | Measured function |
| Sermorelin (GHRH 1-29) | Supplement | Mortality, frailty and longevity | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Traditional Finnish Sauna (dry sauna) | Device or therapy | Blood pressure and fitness when sauna follows regular exercise | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Vision and cataract surgery: eyesight, falls and glasses | Protocol | Falls, expedited first-eye cataract surgery in women over 70 | C | Self-report |
| Vision and cataract surgery: eyesight, falls and glasses | Protocol | Falls, expedited second-eye cataract surgery in women over 70 | DTested, no benefit | Self-report |
| Vision and cataract surgery: eyesight, falls and glasses | Protocol | Falls, eye examination with treatment of vision problems in frail older people | DTested, harm found | Self-report |
| Vision and cataract surgery: eyesight, falls and glasses | Protocol | Falls, home safety program for people aged 75 and older with severe visual impairment | C | Self-report |
| Vision and cataract surgery: eyesight, falls and glasses | Protocol | Falls, single-lens distance glasses for older multifocal wearers | DTested, no benefit | Self-report |
| Vitamin D3 | Supplement | Fall prevention (older adults) | C | Self-report |
| VO₂max training (Zone 2 + intervals) | Protocol | VO2max, objectively measured | A | Measured function |
| Weekly vigorous exercise volume compressed into one session (weekend warrior pattern) | Protocol | Fat mass by DXA (primary) and maximal aerobic capacity, VO2max (secondary), under one weekly session against control | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Zone 2 aerobic training | Device or therapy | VO2max (cardiorespiratory fitness), an objective functional measure | A | Measured function |
Bones and fractures
10 graded uses across device or therapy, protocol, supplement records, by record name.
| Record | Kind | The use, as graded | Letter | What was measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boron | Supplement | Bone and steroid-hormone markers | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| Carnosine | Supplement | Musculoskeletal measures (strength, lean mass, bone) in prediabetes or type 2 diabetes | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| Creatine Monohydrate | Supplement | Bone mineral density in postmenopausal women | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| Exercise dose: how much weekly activity, from minutes a week to daily steps | Protocol | Heart and circulation events and fractures after a 12-week pedometer walking program, adults aged 45 to 75 | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | Supplement | Preventing complex regional pain syndrome after a wrist fracture | C | Blinded clinician rating |
| Vitamin D3 | Supplement | Deficiency correction & fracture risk (deficient or older adults) | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Vitamin D3 | Supplement | Fracture prevention (already-replete adults) | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Vitamin D3 | Supplement | Fracture prevention, vitamin D3 with calcium, older adults living in institutions | B | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Vitamin D3 2,000–4,000 IU + K2 MK-7 100 mcg | Protocol | Bone loss in postmenopausal women, measured for the MK-7 component alone | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Whole Body Vibration | Device or therapy | Bone mineral density (surrogate, objective) | C | Surrogate biomarker |
Insomnia, sleep quality and sleep apnea
33 graded uses across device or therapy, prescription, protocol, supplement records, by record name.
| Record | Kind | The use, as graded | Letter | What was measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ashwagandha standardized root extract 300 mg twice daily | Protocol | Sleep in adults with insomnia and anxiety, measured by a wrist sleep monitor (actigraphy) in one trial and self-reported in the pooled trials | B | Self-report |
| Audiovisual / Brainwave Entrainment | Device or therapy | Self-reported anxiety, sleep and pain; cognitive test scores | C | Self-report |
| Evening warm bath or shower (40 to 42.5°C water) | Protocol | Sleep onset latency and sleep quality after a warm bath or shower one to two hours before bed | C | Measured function |
| GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) | Supplement | Sleep quality, mood and heart-rate variability (self-report and surrogate) | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Glycine | Supplement | Next-day fatigue after experimental sleep restriction in healthy volunteers | C | Self-report |
| Hypoglossal nerve stimulation for obstructive sleep apnea | Device or therapy | Apnea-hypopnea index and Epworth sleepiness in implanted adults with moderate to severe sleep apnea who cannot use CPAP | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Inspiratory Muscle Training | Device or therapy | Sleep apnea severity (apnea-hypopnea index) | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| L-Theanine 200 mg/day | Protocol | Self-reported sleep quality | C | Self-report |
| Magnesium | Supplement | Sleep quality in primary insomnia (older adults) | C | Self-report |
| Magnesium bisglycinate 250 mg elemental at bedtime | Protocol | Self-reported insomnia severity in adults with poor sleep | C | Self-report |
| Melatonin | Supplement | Sleep in adults with high blood pressure taking beta-blockers | C | Measured function |
| Melatonin | Supplement | Sleep onset latency and sleep quality (primary sleep disorders) | C | Measured function |
| Melatonin | Supplement | Sleep onset timing in delayed sleep phase disorder | B | Measured function |
| Melatonin 0.3 to 0.5 mg (low dose), 30 to 60 minutes before bed | Protocol | Sleep onset and sleep efficiency at low doses (0.3 to 0.5 mg) | C | Measured function |
| Mindfulness meditation for sleep (weekly group course with daily home practice) | Protocol | Self-reported sleep quality | B | Self-report |
| Molecular Hydrogen (Inhaled) | Device or therapy | Sleep time and efficiency in people with sleep disorders | C | Measured function |
| Montmorency Tart Cherry | Supplement | Sleep quality and duration | C | Measured function |
| Morning bright light (light box or daylight) for sleep and the body clock | Protocol | Delayed sleep phase and late sleepers: sleep timing and daytime function | C | Measured function |
| Morning bright light (light box or daylight) for sleep and the body clock | Protocol | Healthy adults: outdoor light within a fixed window after waking, for sleep, mood or energy | DNot yet tested | Measured function |
| Morning bright light (light box or daylight) for sleep and the body clock | Protocol | Insomnia: sleep measured by actigraphy, polysomnography and questionnaires | C | Measured function |
| Morning bright light (light box or daylight) for sleep and the body clock | Protocol | Older adults without dementia: sleep with brighter morning or daytime indoor light | C | Measured function |
| Myofunctional therapy (mouth and throat exercises) for obstructive sleep apnea | Protocol | Daytime sleepiness and apnea-hypopnea index after two to four months of daily mouth and throat exercises | B | Self-report |
| Nasal valve (nasal EPAP) for obstructive sleep apnea | Device or therapy | Apnea-hypopnea index and Epworth sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Oral appliance (mandibular advancement) for obstructive sleep apnea | Device or therapy | Apnea severity, daytime sleepiness and blood pressure against inactive control and against CPAP | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Positional therapy for position-dependent sleep apnea | Device or therapy | Apnea-hypopnea index and daytime sleepiness in position-dependent obstructive sleep apnea | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Retatrutide | Prescription | Apnea-hypopnea index in adults with obesity and moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Sleep duration & quality (as longevity target) | Device or therapy | Blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and glucose after behavioral sleep extension in habitual short sleepers | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Sleep duration & quality (as longevity target) | Device or therapy | Depressive symptoms and sleep problems, self-reported, after gradual sleep extension with sleep advice in adolescents | C | Self-report |
| Sleep duration & quality (as longevity target) | Device or therapy | Energy intake and body weight after sleep extension in adults with overweight who sleep under 6.5 hours | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Sleep duration & quality (as longevity target) | Device or therapy | Risky driving, measured by in-car sensors, after sleep extension education in young drivers | C | Measured function |
| Sleep duration & quality (as longevity target) | Device or therapy | Sustained attention and reaction time, measured by test, after sleep extension in healthy young adults | C | Measured function |
| Sleep restriction treatment (CBT-I) | Protocol | Insomnia: sleep onset, time awake after sleep onset and sleep efficiency, from sleep diaries | B | Self-report |
| Tirzepatide | Prescription | Apnea-hypopnea index in adults with obesity and moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea | B | Surrogate biomarker |
Memory and thinking
51 graded uses across device or therapy, prescription, protocol, supplement records, by record name.
| Record | Kind | The use, as graded | Letter | What was measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 40Hz Gamma Sensory Stimulation | Device or therapy | Structural brain change; cognition unestablished | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) | Supplement | Cognition in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease, and diabetic neuropathy pain | C | Measured function |
| Alpha-GPC (L-Alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine) | Supplement | Cognitive scores in diagnosed mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease or diabetes with cognitive decline | C | Measured function |
| APOE genotype testing (learning your APOE result) | Protocol | Dementia, heart disease and death after learning the APOE result | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Audiovisual / Brainwave Entrainment | Device or therapy | Self-reported anxiety, sleep and pain; cognitive test scores | C | Self-report |
| Bacopa monnieri standardized extract 300–450 mg/day | Protocol | Objective cognitive test performance | C | Measured function |
| Blood pressure lowering: treating high blood pressure and intensive targets | Protocol | Dementia or mild cognitive impairment | B | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Choline | Supplement | Offspring cognitive and developmental measures | C | Measured function |
| Citicoline (CDP-Choline) | Supplement | Memory and behavior in chronic cerebral disorders of the elderly | C | Measured function |
| Creatine 3–5 g/day | Protocol | Objectively measured memory and cognitive test performance | C | Measured function |
| Creatine Monohydrate | Supplement | Memory and cognition in older adults | C | Measured function |
| Daytime napping (length and timing) | Protocol | Alertness and cognitive performance in the hours after an afternoon nap, healthy adults | A | Measured function |
| Daytime napping (length and timing) | Protocol | Cognitive performance during a night shift after an on-shift nap | A | Measured function |
| Daytime napping (length and timing) | Protocol | Memory retention after an afternoon nap | A | Measured function |
| Ginkgo Biloba (EGb 761) | Supplement | Cognitive symptoms in mild to moderate dementia | B | Measured function |
| Ginkgo Biloba (EGb 761) | Supplement | Dementia prevention in older adults | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Ginkgo Biloba (EGb 761) | Supplement | Mild cognitive impairment | C | Measured function |
| Hearing aids with audiological counseling, for cognitive decline | Protocol | Cognition in people with Alzheimer's disease and hearing loss | DTested, no benefit | Measured function |
| Hearing aids with audiological counseling, for cognitive decline | Protocol | Cognitive decline over 3 years in adults aged 70 to 84 with untreated hearing loss, overall | DTested, no benefit | Measured function |
| Hearing aids with audiological counseling, for cognitive decline | Protocol | Cognitive decline over 3 years in older adults with hearing loss at higher risk of decline | C | Measured function |
| Hyperbaric Oxygen (HBOT) · 60 sessions at 2.0 ATA | Protocol | Telomere length, senescent T cells and cognitive measures in healthy older adults | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| L-Tyrosine | Supplement | Working memory and reaction measures during acute cold or combat stress | C | Measured function |
| Lion's Mane 3 g/day fruiting-body powder (as studied) | Protocol | A cognitive score (HDS-R) in mild cognitive impairment | C | Measured function |
| Lion's Mane Mushroom | Supplement | Cognitive test scores in older adults with mild cognitive impairment | C | Measured function |
| Lithium (Low-Dose / Microdose) | Supplement | Cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease | C | Measured function |
| Methylene Blue (low-dose) | Supplement | Daily low-dose methylene blue for memory or cognition | DNot yet tested | Measured function |
| Methylene Blue (low-dose) | Supplement | Memory retrieval and contextual memory after a single oral dose of about 260 mg | C | Measured function |
| Morning bright light (light box or daylight) for sleep and the body clock | Protocol | Dementia in care facilities: nighttime sleep with morning bright light | C | Measured function |
| Morning bright light (light box or daylight) for sleep and the body clock | Protocol | Older adults with memory impairment living at home: 30 minutes of bright light within 30 minutes of rising | DTested, harm found | Measured function |
| Morning bright light (light box or daylight) for sleep and the body clock | Protocol | Older adults without dementia: sleep with brighter morning or daytime indoor light | C | Measured function |
| Morning bright light (light box or daylight) for sleep and the body clock | Protocol | Whole-day bright ceiling light in group care homes: cognitive decline and daily function | C | Measured function |
| NR (Nicotinamide Riboside) | Supplement | Cognition in mild cognitive impairment | DTested, no benefit | Measured function |
| Omega-3 DHA 1–2 g/day | Protocol | Cognitive function in older adults | DTested, no benefit | Measured function |
| Phosphatidylserine (PS) | Supplement | Memory and cognition in older adults, bovine-cortex phosphatidylserine (no longer sold) | C | Measured function |
| Phosphatidylserine (PS) | Supplement | Memory and cognition in older adults, soy-derived phosphatidylserine (the form sold) | DTested, no benefit | Measured function |
| Phosphatidylserine 300 mg/day (soy-derived) | Protocol | Memory in older adults with memory complaints | DTested, no benefit | Measured function |
| PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone) | Supplement | Cognitive test performance in middle-aged and older adults | C | Measured function |
| Purpose in life: meaning-centered therapy, purpose programs and volunteering | Protocol | Death, dementia and heart disease | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Reducing anticholinergic drug burden | Protocol | Cognition, falls, quality of life and mortality | DTested, no benefit | Measured function |
| Sermorelin (GHRH 1-29) | Supplement | Cognition in older adults | C | Measured function |
| Shingles vaccination (recombinant zoster vaccine), for shingles and dementia | Protocol | Dementia in older adults | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Spermidine | Supplement | Memory in older adults with subjective cognitive decline | DTested, no benefit | Measured function |
| Statins (simvastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin) | Prescription | Disability-free survival (living without dementia or persistent physical disability) in adults aged 70 and over without cardiovascular disease | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Statins (simvastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin) | Prescription | Preventing dementia and cognitive decline in older people | DTested, no benefit | Measured function |
| Sulforaphane (Broccoli Sprout Extract) | Supplement | Cognition and memory in older adults | C | Measured function |
| Sulforaphane (Broccoli Sprout Extract) | Supplement | Cognition in schizophrenia | DTested, no benefit | Measured function |
| Transcranial Photobiomodulation | Device or therapy | Cognition (limited human evidence) | C | Measured function |
| Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation | Device or therapy | Cognition in mild cognitive impairment | C | Measured function |
| Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation | Device or therapy | Cognitive test performance in healthy adults and mixed clinical samples | C | Measured function |
| Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation | Device or therapy | Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in older adults having major surgery | A | Blinded clinician rating |
| Vision and cataract surgery: eyesight, falls and glasses | Protocol | Cognitive test scores, cataract surgery in cognitively normal older adults | DTested, no benefit | Measured function |
Mood, depression and anxiety
20 graded uses across device or therapy, protocol, supplement records, by record name.
| Record | Kind | The use, as graded | Letter | What was measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5-HTP (5-Hydroxytryptophan) | Supplement | Depressive symptoms | C | Blinded clinician rating |
| Ashwagandha (standardized root extract) | Supplement | Cortisol and stress or anxiety scores in stressed adults | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Audiovisual / Brainwave Entrainment | Device or therapy | Self-reported anxiety, sleep and pain; cognitive test scores | C | Self-report |
| Bright Light Therapy for Depression | Device or therapy | Depression scores, response and remission in winter seasonal depression and non-seasonal major depression on clinician-rated scales (SIGH-SAD, HAM-D, MADRS) | B | Blinded clinician rating |
| Cold Water Immersion | Device or therapy | Mood | DTested, no benefit | Self-report |
| Creatine Monohydrate | Supplement | Major depressive disorder, as an adjunct to SSRI treatment | C | Self-report |
| GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) | Supplement | Sleep quality, mood and heart-rate variability (self-report and surrogate) | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| HRV Biofeedback | Device or therapy | Perceived stress | C | Self-report |
| HRV Biofeedback | Device or therapy | Self-reported anxiety, HRV biofeedback (resonance breathing) training | B | Self-report |
| MBSR (Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction) 8-week program | Protocol | Self-reported anxiety, depression and pain | B | Self-report |
| Morning bright light (light box or daylight) for sleep and the body clock | Protocol | Healthy adults: outdoor light within a fixed window after waking, for sleep, mood or energy | DNot yet tested | Measured function |
| Saffron (Crocus sativus) | Supplement | Depression symptom scales (HAM-D and similar) | B | Blinded clinician rating |
| SAM-e (S-adenosyl-L-methionine) | Supplement | Major depressive disorder, SAM-e added to an antidepressant | DTested, no benefit | Blinded clinician rating |
| SAM-e (S-adenosyl-L-methionine) | Supplement | Major depressive disorder, SAM-e as monotherapy | C | Blinded clinician rating |
| Sleep duration & quality (as longevity target) | Device or therapy | Depressive symptoms and sleep problems, self-reported, after gradual sleep extension with sleep advice in adolescents | C | Self-report |
| Sulforaphane (Broccoli Sprout Extract) | Supplement | Depression after cardiac procedures | C | Blinded clinician rating |
| Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation | Device or therapy | Depressive symptoms in major depression, clinic-administered | C | Blinded clinician rating |
| Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation | Device or therapy | Depressive symptoms in major depression, home-based | C | Blinded clinician rating |
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) for Depression | Device or therapy | Response and remission in treatment-resistant major depression on blinded clinician-rated scales (HAM-D, MADRS) | A | Blinded clinician rating |
| Vitamin D3 | Supplement | Prevention of depression in adults aged 50 and over | DTested, no benefit | Self-report |
Inflammation markers
14 graded uses across device or therapy, protocol, supplement records, by record name.
| Record | Kind | The use, as graded | Letter | What was measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5-HTP (5-Hydroxytryptophan) | Supplement | Fatigue in quiescent inflammatory bowel disease | DTested, no benefit | Self-report |
| Amla (Indian Gooseberry, Emblica officinalis) | Supplement | Systemic inflammation (CRP) and endothelial function | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Bromelain | Supplement | Osteoarthritis pain and inflammation markers, bromelain alone | DTested, no benefit | Self-report |
| Cold Water Immersion | Device or therapy | Lowering inflammation | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| Curcumin (Turmeric Extract) | Supplement | Systemic inflammatory markers (hs-CRP High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, a blood marker of low-grade inflammation., IL-6) | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Fucoidan | Supplement | Glycated serum protein, inflammatory markers and vaccine antibody response | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Hesperidin | Supplement | Inflammatory and endothelial markers (CRP, VCAM-1) | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Probiotics | Supplement | Inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Serrapeptase (Serratiopeptidase) | Supplement | Systemic inflammation, cardiovascular or longevity use | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Sulforaphane (Broccoli Sprout Extract) | Supplement | Airway inflammation and lung function (asthma, COPD, ozone exposure) | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| Sulforaphane (Broccoli Sprout Extract) | Supplement | Blood inflammation markers | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Taurine | Supplement | Endothelial and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Teeth and gums: periodontal treatment and daily oral hygiene | Protocol | Gum inflammation, flossing and interdental cleaning added to toothbrushing | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Teeth and gums: periodontal treatment and daily oral hygiene | Protocol | Plaque and gum inflammation, powered against manual toothbrush | B | Surrogate biomarker |
Pain and joints
30 graded uses across device or therapy, prescription, protocol, supplement records, by record name.
| Record | Kind | The use, as graded | Letter | What was measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Audiovisual / Brainwave Entrainment | Device or therapy | Self-reported anxiety, sleep and pain; cognitive test scores | C | Self-report |
| Blood Flow Restriction Training | Device or therapy | Knee osteoarthritis | C | Self-report |
| Boswellia + Celery Seed Extract (RestorCel) | Supplement | Knee osteoarthritis pain and stiffness (WOMAC, VAS) | C | Self-report |
| Boswellia serrata | Supplement | Osteoarthritis pain and function | B | Self-report |
| Bromelain | Supplement | Osteoarthritis pain and inflammation markers, bromelain alone | DTested, no benefit | Self-report |
| Chondroitin Sulfate | Supplement | Knee osteoarthritis pain and function, with glucosamine | C | Self-report |
| Chondroitin Sulfate | Supplement | Osteoarthritis pain and function, chondroitin as generally sold | C | Self-report |
| Collagen Peptides | Supplement | Activity-related joint pain in athletes and active adults | B | Self-report |
| Curcumin (Turmeric Extract) | Supplement | Knee osteoarthritis pain and function | C | Self-report |
| Custom Foot Orthotics | Device or therapy | Chronic low back pain and disability, short term (self-report) | B | Self-report |
| DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) | Supplement | Acute shoulder or elbow tendon pain, gel applied to the skin | C | Self-report |
| DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) | Supplement | Complex regional pain syndrome type I, cream applied to the skin | C | Self-report |
| DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) | Supplement | Knee osteoarthritis pain, gel applied to the skin | C | Self-report |
| Exosome Therapy (extracellular vesicles) | Device or therapy | Orthopedic / knee osteoarthritis / cartilage | DTested, no benefit | Self-report |
| Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT) | Device or therapy | Chronic plantar heel pain (plantar fasciitis), self-report | C | Self-report |
| Glucosamine Sulfate | Supplement | Knee osteoarthritis joint-space narrowing and symptoms | C | Self-report |
| Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN) | Prescription | Fibromyalgia pain | C | Self-report |
| MBSR (Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction) 8-week program | Protocol | Self-reported anxiety, depression and pain | B | Self-report |
| Padma Basic (Tibetan multi-herb formula) | Supplement | Pain-free and maximum walking distance in intermittent claudication | C | Measured function |
| PectaSol Modified Citrus Pectin (MCP) | Supplement | Knee osteoarthritis symptoms | DTested, no benefit | Self-report |
| PEMF (Pulsed Electromagnetic Field) for osteoarthritis symptoms | Protocol | Self-reported osteoarthritis pain and function | C | Self-report |
| Photobiomodulation (musculoskeletal) | Device or therapy | Chronic neck pain and chronic tendinopathy pain, low-level laser therapy | B | Self-report |
| Photobiomodulation (musculoskeletal) | Device or therapy | Nonspecific low back pain, low-level laser therapy | C | Self-report |
| Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) | Device or therapy | Knee osteoarthritis pain, self-reported, short term | C | Self-report |
| Red Light / Near-Infrared (630–850nm) | Protocol | Knee osteoarthritis pain | C | Self-report |
| Retatrutide | Prescription | Knee osteoarthritis pain in adults with obesity | C | Self-report |
| SAM-e (S-adenosyl-L-methionine) | Supplement | Knee or hip osteoarthritis, pain and function | DTested, no benefit | Self-report |
| Therapeutic Ultrasound | Device or therapy | Temporomandibular disorder pain (mixed: pooled analysis favorable, sham-controlled trials null) | C | Self-report |
| Traditional Finnish Sauna (dry sauna) | Device or therapy | Chronic tension-type headache pain | C | Self-report |
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | Supplement | Preventing complex regional pain syndrome after a wrist fracture | C | Blinded clinician rating |
Skin
18 graded uses across device or therapy, protocol, supplement records, by record name.
| Record | Kind | The use, as graded | Letter | What was measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Astaxanthin | Supplement | Skin moisture and elasticity | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Astaxanthin | Supplement | Skin protection from ultraviolet light | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Astaxanthin | Supplement | Wrinkle depth | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Collagen Peptides | Supplement | Skin hydration, elasticity and wrinkles in adults | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) | Supplement | Acute shoulder or elbow tendon pain, gel applied to the skin | C | Self-report |
| DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) | Supplement | Complex regional pain syndrome type I, cream applied to the skin | C | Self-report |
| DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) | Supplement | Finger ulcers in systemic sclerosis, applied to the skin | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) | Supplement | Knee osteoarthritis pain, gel applied to the skin | C | Self-report |
| DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) | Supplement | Pressure ulcer prevention, massaged into the skin | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Exosome Therapy (extracellular vesicles) | Device or therapy | Facial skin quality (topical, after microneedling or RF) | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Hyaluronic Acid (Oral) | Supplement | Skin hydration, elasticity and wrinkle depth in adults | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Red Light / Near-Infrared (630–850nm) | Protocol | Skin aging (wrinkles, complexion) | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Sun and skin: daily sunscreen, sun protection and oral nicotinamide | Protocol | Behavioral sun-protection counseling, skin cancer incidence | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Sun and skin: daily sunscreen, sun protection and oral nicotinamide | Protocol | Oral nicotinamide, new keratinocyte skin cancers in people with prior skin cancer (not immunosuppressed) | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Sun and skin: daily sunscreen, sun protection and oral nicotinamide | Protocol | Oral nicotinamide, skin cancer in organ transplant recipients | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Sun and skin: daily sunscreen, sun protection and oral nicotinamide | Protocol | Precancerous skin spots (actinic or solar keratoses), daily sunscreen | B | Surrogate biomarker |
| Sun and skin: daily sunscreen, sun protection and oral nicotinamide | Protocol | Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, daily sunscreen | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Sun and skin: daily sunscreen, sun protection and oral nicotinamide | Protocol | Visible skin aging (photoaging), daily sunscreen | C | Measured function |
Cancer
23 graded uses across device or therapy, protocol, supplement records, by record name.
| Record | Kind | The use, as graded | Letter | What was measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General health checks (multi-organ screening of asymptomatic adults) | Protocol | All-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality in adults unselected for disease | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| HPV testing for cervical cancer screening | Device or therapy | Cervical cancer deaths, one round of HPV testing against standard care, women aged 30 to 59 in rural India | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| HPV testing for cervical cancer screening | Device or therapy | Invasive cervical cancer, HPV-based against cytology-based screening, women aged 20 to 64 | B | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Low-dose CT screening for lung cancer in heavy smokers | Device or therapy | Lung cancer deaths, current and former heavy smokers aged 50 to 74 | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Mammography screening for breast cancer | Device or therapy | Breast cancer deaths, women aged 39 to 49 | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Mammography screening for breast cancer | Device or therapy | Breast cancer deaths, women aged 50 to 69 | B | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Multi-cancer early detection blood test (cell-free DNA) | Device or therapy | Incidence of late-stage (III and IV) cancer at diagnosis, a stage-shift surrogate for cancer mortality | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| PSA screening for prostate cancer | Device or therapy | Prostate cancer deaths, men aged 55 to 69 | B | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) | Supplement | Immune cell measures as an adjunct to cancer treatment | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy screening for colorectal cancer | Device or therapy | Colorectal cancer deaths and death from any cause, an invitation to screening colonoscopy, adults aged 55 to 64 | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy screening for colorectal cancer | Device or therapy | Colorectal cancer deaths, an invitation to flexible sigmoidoscopy, adults aged 55 to 64 | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy screening for colorectal cancer | Device or therapy | Colorectal cancer diagnoses, an invitation to screening colonoscopy, adults aged 55 to 64 | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Stool-based colorectal screening (gFOBT and FIT) | Device or therapy | Colorectal cancer mortality versus colonoscopy | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Stool-based colorectal screening (gFOBT and FIT) | Device or therapy | Colorectal cancer mortality, fecal immunochemical test (FIT) specifically | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Stool-based colorectal screening (gFOBT and FIT) | Device or therapy | Colorectal cancer mortality, guaiac FOBT (gFOBT) | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Sulforaphane (Broccoli Sprout Extract) | Supplement | PSA after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer (biochemical recurrence) | DTested, no benefit | Surrogate biomarker |
| Sulforaphane (Broccoli Sprout Extract) | Supplement | Tissue markers of cancer risk in biopsy and presurgical trials (lung, breast, prostate) | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Sun and skin: daily sunscreen, sun protection and oral nicotinamide | Protocol | Behavioral sun-protection counseling, skin cancer incidence | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Sun and skin: daily sunscreen, sun protection and oral nicotinamide | Protocol | Oral nicotinamide, skin cancer in organ transplant recipients | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Turkey Tail (Trametes versicolor / PSK) | Supplement | Overall survival after curative resection of colorectal or gastric cancer, PSK added to chemotherapy | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | Supplement | Cancer prevention | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Vitamin D3 | Supplement | Cancer prevention (already-replete adults) | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Whole-body MRI screening (asymptomatic adults) | Device or therapy | Cancer mortality or all-cause mortality in asymptomatic screened adults | DNot yet tested | Hard clinical endpoint |
Liver and kidney
5 graded uses across device or therapy, prescription, supplement records, by record name.
| Record | Kind | The use, as graded | Letter | What was measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Milk Thistle (Silymarin) | Supplement | Liver enzymes and NAFLD/NASH markers | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Molecular Hydrogen (Inhaled) | Device or therapy | Liver fat in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Pentadecanoic Acid (C15:0, fatty15) | Supplement | LDL cholesterol and liver enzymes (surrogate) | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin, dapagliflozin) | Prescription | Cardiovascular death, heart-failure hospitalization and kidney-failure progression | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Sulforaphane (Broccoli Sprout Extract) | Supplement | Liver enzymes in fatty liver or high-normal liver tests | C | Surrogate biomarker |
Infections and immune response
12 graded uses across device or therapy, protocol, supplement records, by record name.
| Record | Kind | The use, as graded | Letter | What was measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bovine Colostrum | Supplement | Intestinal permeability / immune measures | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Cold Water Immersion | Device or therapy | Sickness absence from work (self-reported) | C | Self-report |
| Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) | Protocol | Recurrent C. difficile infection, adults | A | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Lactoferrin | Supplement | Prevention of respiratory infection in adults | DTested, no benefit | Hard clinical endpoint |
| Probiotics | Supplement | Upper respiratory infections in healthy adults (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL 1505 only) | C | Blinded clinician rating |
| Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) | Supplement | Immune cell measures as an adjunct to cancer treatment | C | Surrogate biomarker |
| Steam Inhalation (for colds and sinus symptoms) | Device or therapy | Common cold symptoms | DTested, no benefit | Self-report |
| Traditional Finnish Sauna (dry sauna) | Device or therapy | Common cold symptoms, breathing hot sauna air during a cold | DTested, no benefit | Self-report |
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | Supplement | Preventing colds during heavy physical stress | C | Self-report |
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | Supplement | Preventing colds in the general population | DTested, no benefit | Self-report |
| Vitamin D3 | Supplement | Prevention of acute respiratory tract infection (esp. in vitamin D-deficient people) | C | Hard clinical endpoint |
| WGP Beta-1,3/1,6-D-Glucan | Supplement | Incidence and duration of upper respiratory tract infections | C | Self-report |
Kept apart from the letters
Tested, and it did not workSupplements and therapies that large human trials tested and found no benefit, or harm, beside popular ones never tested in people at all.
The research frontierPromising work not yet shown in people: animal and cell studies and early human results. No letter appears there, because a letter grades human trials.
A letter that looks wrong can be disputed on the grade challenge page, with the trial that bears on it.