Goal: blood sugar
Evidence by Goal: Blood Sugar
Every graded record measured on blood sugar, HbA1c A blood test that reflects average blood sugar over the previous two to three months., insulin or the onset of diabetes, including the ones that failed. A letter here describes the human trial evidence for that use; it is not advice.
39 graded uses, grouped by what the trials measured, highest letter first within each group. Every letter is copied at build time from the record that owns it, and records graded D, tested without benefit or not yet tested, are listed with the rest.
Measured on deaths and disease events
Trials that counted deaths, heart attacks, strokes, fractures, falls, cancers or other clinical events.
- CHard clinical endpointPrescription · Randomized controlled trials People are assigned to the treatment or a comparison by chance, so the groups differ only in what they received. It is the design that can show cause and effect.Grade for: Onset of type 2 diabetes in obesity with prediabetes
- CHard clinical endpoint
Measured on function, or by a blinded clinician
Trials that measured performance with an instrument, or used a scale scored by a clinician who did not know the treatment.
- CMeasured functionSupplement · RCT Randomized controlled trial: people are assigned to the treatment or a comparison by chance, so the groups differ only in what they received. It is the design that can show cause and effect. + systematic review A review that searches for every study on a question using a method set in advance, then assesses them together. + safety-association studyEndpoint: Cognitive scores in diagnosed mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease or diabetes with cognitive decline
Measured on a blood marker or other stand-in
Trials that measured a number standing in for the outcome, such as blood pressure, LDL Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the cholesterol fraction most closely tied to plaque in the arteries. cholesterol or HbA1c. These letters stop at B.
- BSurrogate biomarkerSupplement · RCT + meta-analysis A study that pools the numbers from several trials into one combined estimate. of randomized trialsEndpoint: HbA1c, fasting glucose and LDL cholesterol in type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia
- BSurrogate biomarkerSupplement · Meta-analysis of RCTsEndpoint: Fasting glucose and HbA1c
- BSurrogate biomarkerSupplement · Meta-analysis of RCTsEndpoint: Glycemic markers (blood sugar)
- BSurrogate biomarkerProtocol · Meta-analysis of randomized trialsGrade for: Glycemic control in type 2 diabetes
- BSurrogate biomarkerProtocol · Randomized controlled trialEndpoint: HbA1c and LDL cholesterol in type 2 diabetes
- BSurrogate biomarkerProtocol · Randomized controlled trials + meta-analysisGrade for: Blood pressure against an unrestricted diet, adults without diabetes
- BSurrogate biomarkerProtocol · Randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses of randomized trials (LDL cholesterol, HbA1c); cohort evidence only for events and mortalityGrade for: HbA1c in adults with type 2 diabetes
- BSurrogate biomarkerProtocol · Meta-analyses of randomized trials and randomized trials; population studies on heart disease, dementia and death are listed as excluded evidenceGrade for: HbA1c, scaling and root planing in people with diabetes and periodontitis
- BSurrogate biomarkerPrescription · Randomized controlled trials (phase 2 and phase 3)Grade for: HbA1c in adults with type 2 diabetes
- CSurrogate biomarkerSupplement · Randomized controlled trial, single small trial per useGrade for: Muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic postmenopausal women
- CSurrogate biomarkerSupplement · RCTs + meta-analyses (use-specific)Grade for: Progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes
- CSurrogate biomarkerSupplement · Randomized trials on type 2 diabetes markers; animal and observational Research that watches what people already do rather than assigning a treatment. It can show that two things travel together, not that one causes the other. for agingGrade for: Glycemic control in type 2 diabetes
- CSurrogate biomarkerSupplement · Randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses of randomized trialsEndpoint: Plasma homocysteine An amino acid in the blood that rises when vitamin B12, folate or B6 are low.
- CSurrogate biomarkerSupplement · Randomized controlled trials, small and short, mixed; meta-analyses in autism and schizophreniaGrade for: Glucose control and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes
- CSurrogate biomarker
- CSurrogate biomarkerSupplement · RCTs (small) + meta-analysis (low quality)Endpoint: Glycemic markers in impaired glucose tolerance, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes
- CSurrogate biomarkerSupplement · RCT (limited)Endpoint: Glycemic markers
- CSurrogate biomarker
- CSurrogate biomarker
- CSurrogate biomarkerSupplement · RCT + meta-analysis of randomized trialsGrade for: Glycemic control (fasting glucose, HbA1c)
- CSurrogate biomarkerSupplement · Randomized trials and meta-analyses; markers positive, performance and clinical outcomes nullGrade for: Blood glucose after a meal or glucose drink
- CSurrogate biomarkerProtocol · Randomized controlled trials (Yoshino; Yi)Endpoint: Insulin sensitivity and blood NAD
- CSurrogate biomarkerProtocol · Randomized controlled trialEndpoint: Glucose and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes
- CSurrogate biomarkerProtocol · Randomized controlled trials + meta-analysisGrade for: Glycemic management in type 2 diabetes on metformin or diet alone
- CSurrogate biomarkerProtocol · Randomized controlled trials and a Cochrane review (recurrent C. difficile); randomized trials and meta-analyses on metabolic markers (metabolic syndrome and obesity); no completed randomized trial on an aging outcomeGrade for: Insulin sensitivity and metabolic markers in metabolic syndrome and obesity
- CSurrogate biomarkerDevice or therapy · Randomized trials of REHIT; background meta-analyses of sprint and interval trainingGrade for: Insulin sensitivity and glucose control
- CSurrogate biomarkerDevice or therapy · Randomized trials of sleep extension and a meta-analysis of them; mortality data are observational and carry no gradeGrade for: Blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and glucose after behavioral sleep extension in habitual short sleepers
- DSurrogate biomarker · Tested, no benefitSupplement · Randomized trials, mostly null on clinical outcomes; one unreplicated positiveGrade for: Insulin sensitivity in obese insulin-resistant men
- DSurrogate biomarker · Tested, no benefit
- DSurrogate biomarker · Tested, no benefitSupplement · Randomized controlled trials (small, metabolic endpoints)Grade for: Insulin sensitivity and metabolic markers in overweight or insulin-resistant adults
- DSurrogate biomarker · Tested, no benefitSupplement · Cochrane reviews of small randomized trials; one placebo-controlled trialGrade for: Blood glucose, lipids and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome
- DSurrogate biomarker · Not yet testedProtocol · No trial of magnesium glycinate on this endpoint (D Route 1 No human randomized trial has been run, so the record rests on animal or mechanistic evidence only. One of the two routes to the lowest letter on EBL's scale.); class evidence from other magnesium salts shown as contextEndpoint: Blood pressure
- DSurrogate biomarker · Not yet testedProtocol · No trial of magnesium glycinate on this endpoint (D Route 1); class evidence from other magnesium salts, mixed, shown as contextEndpoint: Insulin resistance
- DSurrogate biomarker · Tested, no benefitDevice or therapy · Randomized controlled trialsGrade for: Acute glycemic control, T2DMEndpoint: postprandial glucose
Measured on what people reported
Trials that asked people how they felt or slept. These letters stop at B.
- CSelf-report
- CProtocol · One randomized trial of the glycinate form plus systematic reviews of other saltsEndpoint: Self-reported insomnia severity in adults with poor sleep
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