Evidence by Goal: Bones
Every graded record measured on bone density or fractures, including the ones that failed. A letter here describes the human trial evidence for that use; it is not advice.
8 graded uses, grouped by what the trials measured, highest letter first within each group. Every letter is copied at build time from the record that owns it, and records graded D, tested without benefit or not yet tested, are listed with the rest.
Measured on deaths and disease events
Trials that counted deaths, heart attacks, strokes, fractures, falls, cancers or other clinical events.
- BHard clinical endpointSupplement · RCTs Randomized controlled trial: people are assigned to the treatment or a comparison by chance, so the groups differ only in what they received. It is the design that can show cause and effect. + meta-analyses A study that pools the numbers from several trials into one combined estimate. (use-specific)Grade for: Fracture prevention, vitamin D3 with calcium, older adults living in institutions
- DHard clinical endpoint · Tested, no benefitSupplement · RCTs + meta-analyses (use-specific)Grade for: Deficiency correction & fracture risk (deficient or older adults)
- DHard clinical endpoint · Tested, no benefitSupplement · RCTs + meta-analyses (use-specific)Grade for: Fracture prevention (already-replete adults)
Measured on a blood marker or other stand-in
Trials that measured a number standing in for the outcome, such as blood pressure, LDL Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the cholesterol fraction most closely tied to plaque in the arteries. cholesterol or HbA1c A blood test that reflects average blood sugar over the previous two to three months.. These letters stop at B.
- CSurrogate biomarkerProtocol · Randomized controlled trials People are assigned to the treatment or a comparison by chance, so the groups differ only in what they received. It is the design that can show cause and effect. (MK-7 bone; D3 epigenetic aging)Endpoint The outcome a trial measures to decide whether the treatment worked, such as heart attacks, blood pressure or a symptom score.: Bone loss in postmenopausal women, measured for the MK-7 component alone
- CSurrogate biomarkerDevice or therapy · Randomized trials and meta-analyses of randomized trialsEndpoint: Bone mineral density (surrogate, objective)
- DSurrogate biomarker · Tested, no benefitSupplement · Meta-analyses + RCTGrade for: Bone mineral density in postmenopausal women
- DSurrogate biomarker · Tested, no benefit
- DSurrogate biomarker · Tested, no benefit