Goal: strength and falls
Evidence by Goal: Strength and Falls
Every graded record measured on strength, muscle, fitness, physical function or falls, including the ones that failed. A letter here describes the human trial evidence for that use; it is not advice.
51 graded uses, grouped by what the trials measured, highest letter first within each group. Every letter is copied at build time from the record that owns it, and records graded D, tested without benefit or not yet tested, are listed with the rest.
Measured on deaths and disease events
Trials that counted deaths, heart attacks, strokes, fractures, falls, cancers or other clinical events.
- BSelf-reportProtocol · Meta-analyses A study that pools the numbers from several trials into one combined estimate. of randomized trialsEndpoint The outcome a trial measures to decide whether the treatment worked, such as heart attacks, blood pressure or a symptom score.: Falls in older adults
- CSelf-reportSupplement · RCTs Randomized controlled trial: people are assigned to the treatment or a comparison by chance, so the groups differ only in what they received. It is the design that can show cause and effect. + meta-analyses (use-specific)Grade for: Fall prevention (older adults)
- CSelf-reportProtocol · Randomized trials and Cochrane reviews of falls interventions (falls counted as events) and of cataract surgery against waiting; population studies on dementia, crashes and mortality are listed as excluded evidence and carry no letterGrade for: Falls, expedited first-eye cataract surgery in women over 70
- CSelf-reportProtocol · Randomized trials and Cochrane reviews of falls interventions (falls counted as events) and of cataract surgery against waiting; population studies on dementia, crashes and mortality are listed as excluded evidence and carry no letterGrade for: Falls, home safety program for people aged 75 and older with severe visual impairment
- DHard clinical endpoint · Not yet testedSupplement · One placebo-controlled trial; other studies small, dose-order or uncontrolledGrade for: Mortality, frailty and longevityEndpoint: Mortality, frailty, longevity
- DHard clinical endpoint · Tested, harm foundProtocol · Randomized controlled trial People are assigned to the treatment or a comparison by chance, so the groups differ only in what they received. It is the design that can show cause and effect.Endpoint: Disability-free survival in healthy adults aged 70 and over
- DHard clinical endpoint · Not yet testedProtocol · Randomized controlled trials and a Cochrane review (recurrent C. difficile); randomized trials and meta-analyses on metabolic markers (metabolic syndrome and obesity); no completed randomized trial on an aging outcomeGrade for: Aging, frailty and longevity in older or healthy adults
- DSelf-report · Tested, no benefitProtocol · Randomized trials and Cochrane reviews of falls interventions (falls counted as events) and of cataract surgery against waiting; population studies on dementia, crashes and mortality are listed as excluded evidence and carry no letterGrade for: Falls, expedited second-eye cataract surgery in women over 70
- DSelf-report · Tested, harm foundProtocol · Randomized trials and Cochrane reviews of falls interventions (falls counted as events) and of cataract surgery against waiting; population studies on dementia, crashes and mortality are listed as excluded evidence and carry no letterGrade for: Falls, eye examination with treatment of vision problems in frail older people
- DSelf-report · Tested, no benefitProtocol · Randomized trials and Cochrane reviews of falls interventions (falls counted as events) and of cataract surgery against waiting; population studies on dementia, crashes and mortality are listed as excluded evidence and carry no letterGrade for: Falls, single-lens distance glasses for older multifocal wearers
- DHard clinical endpoint · Tested, no benefitPrescription · Randomized controlled trials and individual-participant meta-analyses of randomized trialsGrade for: Disability-free survival (living without dementia or persistent physical disability) in adults aged 70 and over without cardiovascular disease
Measured on function, or by a blinded clinician
Trials that measured performance with an instrument, or used a scale scored by a clinician who did not know the treatment.
- AMeasured functionSupplement · Meta-analyses + RCTGrade for: Muscle strength with resistance training in older adults
- AMeasured functionProtocol · Meta-analysis of randomized trialsGrade for: Muscle size and strength, progressive overload
- AMeasured functionProtocol · Randomized training trials and a meta-analysis of them (VO2max The most oxygen the body can use during all-out exercise, a standard measure of aerobic fitness. gain) + prognostic cohort meta-analysis (Kodama, context only)Grade for: Measured VO2max after low-to-moderate intensity aerobic training, against no exercise
- AMeasured functionProtocol · Randomized training trials and meta-analyses of them (VO2max gain) + prognostic cohort meta-analysis (mortality)Endpoint: VO2max, objectively measured
- ADevice or therapy · Randomized training trials and a meta-analysis of themEndpoint: VO2max (cardiorespiratory fitness), an objective functional measure
- AMeasured functionDevice or therapy · Randomized controlled trials + meta-analysis of randomized trialsEndpoint: Early quadriceps strength and mobility after total knee replacement, compared with usual care (dynamometer strength, timed up-and-go)
- BMeasured functionSupplement · Meta-analysis of RCTsEndpoint: High-intensity exercise capacity
- BMeasured functionProtocol · Meta-analysis of randomized trialsEndpoint: Lower-body dynamic strength (1RM) and maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) under concurrent training
- BMeasured functionProtocol · Randomized laboratory and workplace trials and meta-analyses of them (short-term alertness and performance); cohort studies An observational study that follows a group of people over time and compares what happens to them. and genetic analyses on heart disease, mortality and dementia are listed as excluded evidence and carry no letterGrade for: Physical performance in athletes and physically active young men
- BMeasured functionDevice or therapy · Meta-analyses of randomized trialsGrade for: Post-ACL reconstruction rehabilitationEndpoint: quadriceps strength, knee function
- BMeasured functionDevice or therapy · Randomized trials of REHIT; background meta-analyses of sprint and interval trainingGrade for: Cardiorespiratory fitness (measured VO2max) in inactive adults, REHIT protocol
- CMeasured functionSupplement · Randomized controlled trialsEndpoint: Muscle endurance, strength and mitochondrial markers, where the pre-registered primary endpoints The one outcome a trial names in advance as its main test. Results on other outcomes carry less weight. were missed
- CMeasured functionSupplement · Cochrane meta-analysis of randomized trialsEndpoint: Pain-free and maximum walking distance in intermittent claudication
- CMeasured functionSupplement · Small randomized trials; two meta-analyses for exercise recoveryGrade for: Recovery of muscle strength after strenuous exercise
- CMeasured functionSupplement · RCT (limited)Endpoint: Exercise performance / VO2 surrogate measures
- CMeasured functionSupplement · Meta-analyses of randomized trials + RCTs (mixed by population)Grade for: Muscle mass and handgrip strength in adults with diagnosed sarcopenia Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.
- CMeasured functionSupplement · Meta-analyses of randomized trials + RCTs (mixed by population)Grade for: Muscle mass and strength in adults over 50 without sarcopenia
- CMeasured functionProtocol · Meta-analyses of head-to-head randomized trials, low certaintyEndpoint: Physical function in adults 60 and over, power versus traditional strength training
- CMeasured functionDevice or therapy · Meta-analyses of randomized trialsGrade for: Sarcopenia / older adultsEndpoint: strength/mass in aging
- CMeasured functionDevice or therapy · Randomized human trials, one at moderate scale, unreplicatedEndpoint: 6-minute walk distance and physical function in diagnosed aging frailty
- DMeasured function · Tested, no benefitSupplement · Small randomized trials; surrogate positive, functional outcomes nullGrade for: Physical function in healthy older adults
- DMeasured function · Tested, no benefitSupplement · Meta-analyses of randomized trials + RCTs (mixed by population)Grade for: Strength and hypertrophy in resistance-trained young men
- DMeasured function · Tested, no benefitSupplement · Randomized trials and meta-analyses; markers positive, performance and clinical outcomes nullGrade for: Exercise capacity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
- DMeasured function · Tested, no benefitProtocol · Observational Research that watches what people already do rather than assigning a treatment. It can show that two things travel together, not that one causes the other. harm-association study; no deprescribing Reducing or stopping a medication under a prescriber's supervision. RCT demonstrates benefitEndpoint: Cognition, falls, quality of life and mortality
- DMeasured function · Tested, harm foundDevice or therapy · Systematic review A review that searches for every study on a question using a method set in advance, then assesses them together. / meta-analysis of randomized trialsGrade for: Strength and muscle gains when used after resistance training sessions
- DMeasured function · Tested, no benefitPrescription · Three randomized placebo-controlled trials, null primaries (D Route 2 Human randomized trials have been run and did not show benefit on the stated outcome. One of the two routes to the lowest letter on EBL's scale.)Endpoint: Visceral adiposity and physical function (chair-stand repetitions) in older adults
- DMeasured function · Tested, harm foundPrescription · Randomized controlled trialsEndpoint: Muscle and mitochondrial gains from exercise training in healthy older adults
Measured on a blood marker or other stand-in
Trials that measured a number standing in for the outcome, such as blood pressure, LDL Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the cholesterol fraction most closely tied to plaque in the arteries. cholesterol or HbA1c A blood test that reflects average blood sugar over the previous two to three months.. These letters stop at B.
- AMeasured functionProtocol · Meta-analyses of randomized trials (Morton, Tagawa, Nunes) and randomized trialsEndpoint: Strength (one-repetition maximum) gained during resistance training, healthy adults
- BSurrogate biomarkerDevice or therapy · RCT + meta-analysis of randomized trialsGrade for: Resting systolic blood pressure, high-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training
- CSurrogate biomarkerSupplement · Meta-analyses of randomized trials and randomized trialsGrade for: Muscle damage markers after exercise
- CSurrogate biomarkerSupplement · Randomized controlled trials, small and short, mixed; meta-analyses in autism and schizophreniaGrade for: Exercise recovery, muscle damage markers and performance
- CSurrogate biomarkerProtocol · Single randomized controlled trialEndpoint: Fat mass by DXA (primary) and maximal aerobic capacity, VO2max (secondary), under one weekly session against control
- CSurrogate biomarkerDevice or therapy · Randomized trials and meta-analyses of randomized trialsEndpoint: Resting systolic blood pressure (surrogate, objective)
- CSurrogate biomarkerDevice or therapy · Randomized controlled trialsGrade for: Blood pressure and fitness when sauna follows regular exerciseEndpoint: Systolic blood pressure and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) after 8 weeks
- DSurrogate biomarker · Tested, no benefit
- DSurrogate biomarker · Not yet testedSupplement · One placebo-controlled trial; other studies small, dose-order or uncontrolledGrade for: Body composition and lean mass in older adultsEndpoint: DEXA fat and muscle mass, weight, BMI
Measured on what people reported
Trials that asked people how they felt or slept. These letters stop at B.
- BDevice or therapy · Systematic review / meta-analysis of randomized trialsGrade for: Muscle soreness and short-term recovery after strenuous exerciseEndpoint: Self-reported muscle soreness 24 to 96 hours after exercise; muscular power at 24 hours
- BDevice or therapy · Randomized controlled trials + meta-analysis of randomized trialsEndpoint: Chronic low back pain and disability, short term (self-report)
- CSelf-reportProtocol · Meta-analysis of randomized trials (VTE, hard endpoint An outcome that matters directly to a person and is counted without judgment, such as death, heart attack, stroke or fracture.)Grade for: Exercise recovery / muscle soreness
- CSelf-reportDevice or therapy · Meta-analyses of randomized trialsGrade for: Knee osteoarthritisEndpoint: quadriceps strength, hypertrophy
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