Geranylgeraniol (GG)

Not tested in humans for the statin-muscle efficacy claim; the earlier statement that a primary human trial is ongoing could not be verified against a registry in this pass and is withdrawn. Mechanistic basis: Osaki et al. (Mol Metab, 2026; PMID 42323079), a MOUSE genetic model in which muscle-specific deletion of HMG-CoA reductase or Rab geranylgeranyl transferase produced myopathy that geranylgeraniol administration reversed; preclinical, and it does not establish the mechanism of statin myopathy in people. Irwin et al. (Transl Res, 2020; PMID 31491372): geranylgeraniol prevented statin-induced skeletal muscle fatigue in ANIMALS. Jaśkiewicz et al. (Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2018; PMID 29951166): geranylgeraniol prevented statin-dependent myotoxicity in C2C12 muscle CELLS. Human trials on other endpoints, context only: D'Adamo et al. (J Nutr Metab, 2026; PMID 42807157): randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, 150 healthy adults, 8 weeks of label-dose ubiquinone, ubiquinol, GG, ubiquinol plus GG or placebo; GG alone did not raise plasma CoQ10 or change any questionnaire against placebo; the first author sits on the scientific advisory board of a company that sells GG. Jurgelewicz et al. (Integr Med, 2026; PMID 42222203): 34 adults aged 40 to 65, single-group fixed order of 8 weeks placebo then 8 weeks GG 300 mg/day; no change in total or free testosterone overall, with a rise only in a subgroup of 8 men with lower baseline testosterone; one author is employed by the study sponsor, which sells GG; not a randomized parallel trial. Grade D reflects the absence of any human efficacy trial of the statin-muscle claim.