{ "meta": { "title": "Evidence Based Longevity grade dataset", "version": "2026-10-dc0baaec3a", "row_sha256": "dc0baaec3abffa9d4a01f562bddd84da6edd32fef9e04b749358ffd87f1341d9", "publisher": "Evidence Based Longevity, Inc.", "creator": "Arnold Sandlow, D.C.", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/dataset", "license": { "id": "CC-BY-NC-4.0", "name": "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" }, "doi": null, "citation": "Arnold Sandlow, D.C. Evidence Based Longevity grade dataset, version 2026-10-dc0baaec3a. Evidence Based Longevity, Inc.; 2026. https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/dataset", "counts": { "records": 249, "use_letters": 390, "rows": 639, "by_collection": { "supplements": 111, "protocols": 77, "device_modalities": 51, "longevity_rx": 10 }, "record_letters": { "A": 27, "B": 67, "C": 113, "D": 42 } }, "grade_scale": [ { "grade": "A", "label": "Replicated", "definition": "Replicated randomized human trials showing benefit on a qualifying endpoint. A randomized controlled trial means real people randomly assigned to treatment or placebo, which is what makes the comparison worth anything. Three kinds of endpoint qualify: a hard clinical outcome such as mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events or fractures; an objectively measured function recorded by an instrument rather than reported by a person, such as dynamometer grip strength, measured VO2max, or polysomnography sleep latency; or a validated outcome scale scored by a clinician blinded to treatment, such as the Hamilton or Montgomery-Asberg depression scales or a clinician-assigned mucositis grade, because the person scoring it does not know which treatment the patient received. The effect must replicate across independent research groups. Self-reported and surrogate biomarker endpoints cap a record at Grade B however large or well-run the trial, and observational data may inform context but never carries a grade." }, { "grade": "B", "label": "Supported", "definition": "At least one well-designed human randomized trial showing a meaningful effect, supported by further trials rather than standing alone. These are typically trials on validated biomarkers, HbA1c, LDL, blood pressure, which move in the right direction without yet being the clinical outcome anyone cares about. The form and the dose must be the ones the trials used and must be obtainable, because a grade attaches to what was studied, not to the ingredient name. A biomarker qualifies only when it is an established stand-in for a clinical outcome, such as HbA1c, LDL, blood pressure or bone density; a blood level of the supplement itself, or of what the body makes from it, shows that it was absorbed and qualifies for nothing above C. B is where the endpoint ceiling bites: a surrogate or self-reported endpoint caps a record here regardless of trial size or quality." }, { "grade": "C", "label": "Limited", "definition": "Human randomized evidence exists but is thin: small trials, mixed results, a single positive trial nobody has independently repeated, or a replication that failed. Grade C moves in both directions: an entry rises to B when a good trial replicates, and falls from B when a closer look finds the supporting trials never tested the thing being claimed. Nicotinamide riboside was Grade B until August 2026 and is Grade C today for exactly that reason." }, { "grade": "D", "label": "Not shown", "definition": "No human RCT demonstrates benefit. Entries reach D by one of two routes. Route 1, no human randomized trial has been run; mechanistic or animal data only, which fails in more than 90% of drug development transitions. Route 2. Human randomized trials have been run and did not show benefit on the stated endpoint. Route 2 records report one of two findings, and they are not the same news. Where the trial was simply null, the record carries the TESTED, NO BENEFIT badge. Where the treated arm did worse than placebo on the stated endpoint, the record carries the TESTED, HARM FOUND badge. Both badges name the endpoint, the population, and the certainty of the finding. The routes are not equivalent either: a Route 1 entry may still turn out to work once someone tests it. A Route 2 entry has been tested and did not." } ], "columns": [ { "name": "record_key", "description": "Collection and record id, joined by a slash. Stable across versions." }, { "name": "collection", "description": "supplements, protocols, device_modalities or longevity_rx." }, { "name": "record_id", "description": "The record's id in the EBL database." }, { "name": "record_name", "description": "The record's name as published." }, { "name": "kind", "description": "Supplement, Protocol, Device or modality, Longevity Rx, or Not counted as a supplement." }, { "name": "level", "description": "record: the record's headline letter. use: a letter for one specific use." }, { "name": "scope", "description": "For a use row, the use the letter was earned on. For a record row, the record's headline scope as its page states it." }, { "name": "grade", "description": "A, B, C or D, as defined in the grade scale in the JSON file." }, { "name": "endpoint_type", "description": "hard, functional, clinician_rated, self_report or surrogate, as the record states it." }, { "name": "evidence_type", "description": "The kind of evidence the record's headline letter rests on, as the record labels it. Record rows only." }, { "name": "pmids", "description": "PubMed IDs behind this letter, separated by semicolons. Empty only for a D that rests on a documented search finding no trial; the search is on the record's page." }, { "name": "last_reviewed", "description": "Month of the record's latest review (YYYY-MM)." }, { "name": "url", "description": "The record's page on evidencebasedlongevity.co." } ], "not_included": "The written evidence behind each letter (notes, as-studied details, grade readings) is published one record at a time on each record's page and is not in this dataset." }, "rows": [ { "record_key": "supplements/2-hoba", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "2-hoba", "record_name": "2-HOBA (2-Hydroxybenzylamine)", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade D, tested and harm found", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "Randomized controlled trial", "pmids": "40709466;31907026;36935449", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/2-hoba" }, { "record_key": "supplements/2-hoba", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "2-hoba", "record_name": "2-HOBA (2-Hydroxybenzylamine)", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "use", "scope": "Atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "40709466", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/2-hoba" }, { "record_key": "supplements/5-htp", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "5-htp", "record_name": "5-HTP (5-Hydroxytryptophan)", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade C for Depressive symptoms", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "self_report", "evidence_type": "Small randomized trials and two pooled analyses, low quality; one large null trial on fatigue", "pmids": "35940251;11869656;31504850;23380314;32067288;42160304", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/5-htp" }, { "record_key": "supplements/5-htp", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "5-htp", "record_name": "5-HTP (5-Hydroxytryptophan)", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "use", "scope": "Depressive symptoms", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "clinician_rated", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "11869656;31504850;23380314;32067288", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/5-htp" }, { "record_key": "supplements/5-htp", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "5-htp", "record_name": "5-HTP (5-Hydroxytryptophan)", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "use", "scope": "Fatigue in quiescent inflammatory bowel disease", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "self_report", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "35940251", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/5-htp" }, { "record_key": "supplements/alcar", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "alcar", "record_name": "Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade C for Cognition in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "Meta-analyses + RCT", "pmids": "12598816;32408706;15616239;8797468;12804452;10994000", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/alcar" }, { "record_key": "supplements/akkermansia", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "akkermansia", "record_name": "Akkermansia muciniphila", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade C for Weight regain after diet-induced weight loss, adults with overweight or obesity", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "Randomized controlled trials (small, metabolic endpoints)", "pmids": "31263284;39879980;32675291;42343233;42120725;39683431", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/akkermansia" }, { "record_key": "supplements/akkermansia", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "akkermansia", "record_name": "Akkermansia muciniphila", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "use", "scope": "Insulin sensitivity and metabolic markers in overweight or insulin-resistant adults", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "31263284;42343233;39879980", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/akkermansia" }, { "record_key": "supplements/akkermansia", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "akkermansia", "record_name": "Akkermansia muciniphila", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "use", "scope": "Weight regain after diet-induced weight loss, adults with overweight or obesity", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "42120725", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/akkermansia" }, { "record_key": "supplements/alpha-lipoic-acid", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "alpha-lipoic-acid", "record_name": "Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA / R-ALA)", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade C for Symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "self_report", "evidence_type": "Randomized controlled trial", "pmids": "17065669;22837391;21666939;21775755", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/alpha-lipoic-acid" }, { "record_key": "supplements/alpha-gpc", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "alpha-gpc", "record_name": "Alpha-GPC (L-Alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine)", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade C for Cognitive scores in diagnosed mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease or diabetes with cognitive decline", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "RCT + systematic review + safety-association study", "pmids": "12637119;36683513;34817582;39300341;39703111;29042830;39683633", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/alpha-gpc" }, { "record_key": "supplements/amla", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "amla", "record_name": "Amla (Indian Gooseberry, Emblica officinalis)", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade B for Lipid profile (LDL, triglycerides)", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "RCT + meta-analysis of randomized trials", "pmids": "36934568;31060549", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/amla" }, { "record_key": "supplements/amla", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "amla", "record_name": "Amla (Indian Gooseberry, Emblica officinalis)", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "use", "scope": "Lipid profile (LDL, triglycerides)", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "36934568;31060549", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/amla" }, { "record_key": "supplements/amla", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "amla", "record_name": "Amla (Indian Gooseberry, Emblica officinalis)", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "use", "scope": "Glycemic control (fasting glucose, HbA1c)", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "36934568", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/amla" }, { "record_key": "supplements/amla", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "amla", "record_name": "Amla (Indian Gooseberry, Emblica officinalis)", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "use", "scope": "Systemic inflammation (CRP) and endothelial function", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "36934568;31060549", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/amla" }, { "record_key": "supplements/apigenin", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "apigenin", "record_name": "Apigenin", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade D, no human randomized trial", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "Mechanistic / preclinical only (D Route 1)", "pmids": "21641214;23172919;38302501", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/apigenin" }, { "record_key": "supplements/arterosil", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "arterosil", "record_name": "Arterosil HP (Rhamnan Sulfate)", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade D, no human randomized trial on vascular outcomes", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "Case series + animal only (D Route 1)", "pmids": "38404609;36332287;34226572", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/arterosil" }, { "record_key": "supplements/ashwagandha", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "ashwagandha", "record_name": "Ashwagandha (standardized root extract)", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade B for Cortisol and stress or anxiety scores in stressed adults", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "Randomized controlled trials", "pmids": "23439798;26609282;31517876;34559859;32818573;40746175;39348746;30463324;42738987;31991029", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/ashwagandha" }, { "record_key": "supplements/astaxanthin", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "astaxanthin", "record_name": "Astaxanthin", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade C for Skin moisture and elasticity", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "Meta-analyses of randomized trials and randomized trials", "pmids": "34578794;22428137;29941810;35091276;20205737;26675778;32755613;35631193;42197030;40014233", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/astaxanthin" }, { "record_key": "supplements/astaxanthin", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "astaxanthin", "record_name": "Astaxanthin", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "use", "scope": "Skin moisture and elasticity", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "34578794;22428137", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/astaxanthin" }, { "record_key": "supplements/astaxanthin", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "astaxanthin", "record_name": "Astaxanthin", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "use", "scope": "Wrinkle depth", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "34578794;22428137", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/astaxanthin" }, { "record_key": "supplements/astaxanthin", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "astaxanthin", "record_name": "Astaxanthin", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "use", "scope": "Skin protection from ultraviolet light", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "29941810", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/astaxanthin" }, { "record_key": "supplements/astaxanthin", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "astaxanthin", "record_name": "Astaxanthin", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "use", "scope": "Blood markers of oxidative stress", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "35091276;20205737;26675778;42197030", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/astaxanthin" }, { "record_key": "supplements/astaxanthin", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "astaxanthin", "record_name": "Astaxanthin", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "use", "scope": "Cholesterol, blood pressure and arterial stiffness", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "32755613;35631193;26675778", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/astaxanthin" }, { "record_key": "supplements/astaxanthin", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "astaxanthin", "record_name": "Astaxanthin", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "use", "scope": "Muscle damage markers after exercise", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "42197030", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/astaxanthin" }, { "record_key": "supplements/astaxanthin", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "astaxanthin", "record_name": "Astaxanthin", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "use", "scope": "Screen-related eye strain in children", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "self_report", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "40014233", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/astaxanthin" }, { "record_key": "supplements/beetroot", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "beetroot", "record_name": "Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade C for Blood pressure in hypertension", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "RCT + meta-analysis of randomized trials", "pmids": "25421976;23596162;39069465;32091599;28319596;29553033;26135348;38546454", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/beetroot" }, { "record_key": "supplements/benfotiamine", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "benfotiamine", "record_name": "Benfotiamine", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade C for Diabetic neuropathy measures", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "self_report", "evidence_type": "RCT (limited)", "pmids": "41571333;23701274;15726875;18473286;22446172", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/benfotiamine" }, { "record_key": "supplements/berberine", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "berberine", "record_name": "Berberine HCl", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade B for HbA1c, fasting glucose and LDL cholesterol in type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "RCT + meta-analysis of randomized trials", "pmids": "18397984;25498346;18442638;33024120;37598753;36941490;41543854;21870106;35010998", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/berberine" }, { "record_key": "supplements/beta-alanine", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "beta-alanine", "record_name": "Beta-Alanine", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade B for High-intensity exercise capacity", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "Meta-analysis of RCTs", "pmids": "27797728;22270875", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/beta-alanine" }, { "record_key": "supplements/beta-carotene", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "beta-carotene", "record_name": "Beta-Carotene (supplemental)", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade D, tested and harm found", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "Randomized controlled trials (harm found → D Route 2)", "pmids": "8127329;15572756;8602180;8602179;10601381;19876916;36715090;35727272", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/beta-carotene" }, { "record_key": "supplements/bitter-melon", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "bitter-melon", "record_name": "Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia)", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade C for Glycemic markers", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "RCT (limited)", "pmids": "32951763;30385422;38784554;38274207;22895968;40199408", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/bitter-melon" }, { "record_key": "supplements/boron", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "boron", "record_name": "Boron", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade D, tested and no benefit shown", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "No adequate human trials", "pmids": "32540741;8508192;7889886;7889885;8329361;3678698", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/boron" }, { "record_key": "supplements/boswellia-celery-seed", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "boswellia-celery-seed", "record_name": "Boswellia + Celery Seed Extract (RestorCel)", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade C for Knee osteoarthritis pain and stiffness", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "self_report", "evidence_type": "Single randomized controlled trial", "pmids": "39875757", "last_reviewed": "2026-09", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/boswellia-celery-seed" }, { "record_key": "supplements/boswellia", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "boswellia", "record_name": "Boswellia serrata", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade B for Osteoarthritis pain and function", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "self_report", "evidence_type": "Meta-analysis of RCTs", "pmids": "32680575;29018060", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/boswellia" }, { "record_key": "supplements/colostrum", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "colostrum", "record_name": "Bovine Colostrum", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade C for Intestinal permeability", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "RCT (limited)", "pmids": "38361147;22253980;25068884", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/colostrum" }, { "record_key": "supplements/bpc-157", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "bpc-157", "record_name": "BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound 157)", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade D, no human randomized trial result published", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "Animal study only (D Route 1)", "pmids": "40756949;40789979;41966639;42885452;34324435;39325560;40131143;28035768;22300085", "last_reviewed": "2026-11", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/bpc-157" }, { "record_key": "supplements/bromelain", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "bromelain", "record_name": "Bromelain", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade D, tested and no benefit shown", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "self_report", "evidence_type": "RCT (limited)", "pmids": "40803821;17121765;27412590", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/bromelain" }, { "record_key": "supplements/c60", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "c60", "record_name": "C60 (Carbon-60 / Buckminsterfullerene)", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade D, no human randomized trial of oral C60", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "Animal study only (rat lifespan); no human trial → D Route 1", "pmids": "22498298;33123847;41861269;33849306", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/c60" }, { "record_key": "supplements/ca-akg", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "ca-akg", "record_name": "Calcium Alpha-Ketoglutarate (Ca-AKG)", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade D, no human randomized trial on an aging outcome", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "Animal + uncontrolled human report (D Route 1)", "pmids": "32877690;34847066;17896582;40819772", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/ca-akg" }, { "record_key": "supplements/carnosine", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "carnosine", "record_name": "Carnosine", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade C for Glycemic markers in prediabetes or type 2 diabetes", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "RCT (limited)", "pmids": "39770949;29420997;38172006;31987255;38004228;39599686;42308284;34333586;40999397", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/carnosine" }, { "record_key": "supplements/carnosine", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "carnosine", "record_name": "Carnosine", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "use", "scope": "Glycemic markers in prediabetes or type 2 diabetes", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "29420997;38172006;31987255", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/carnosine" }, { "record_key": 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"Chondroitin Sulfate", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade C for Osteoarthritis pain and function, chondroitin as generally sold", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "self_report", "evidence_type": "Randomized trials and meta-analyses of randomized trials", "pmids": "28533290;30879253;16495392;17438317;20847017;25629804;30575881;38581640;27477804", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/chondroitin" }, { "record_key": "supplements/chondroitin", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "chondroitin", "record_name": "Chondroitin Sulfate", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "use", "scope": "Osteoarthritis pain and function, chondroitin as generally sold", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "self_report", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "16495392;17438317;20847017;25629804;30575881;38581640;30879253", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/chondroitin" }, { "record_key": "supplements/chondroitin", "collection": 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"record_name": "Zinc", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "use", "scope": "Common-cold duration in adults", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "self_report", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "22566526;27378206;25888289;31980506", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/zinc" }, { "record_key": "supplements/zinc", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "zinc", "record_name": "Zinc", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "use", "scope": "Common-cold duration in children", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "self_report", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "22566526", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/zinc" }, { "record_key": "supplements/zinc", "collection": "supplements", "record_id": "zinc", "record_name": "Zinc", "kind": "Supplement", "level": "use", "scope": "Slowing progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration in people at high risk (zinc 80 mg with copper)", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "clinician_rated", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "11594942", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/s/zinc" }, { "record_key": "protocols/adequate-dietary-protein-1-2-to-1-6-g-kg-day", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "adequate-dietary-protein-1-2-to-1-6-g-kg-day", "record_name": "Adequate dietary protein (1.2 to 1.6 g/kg/day)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Strength (one-repetition maximum) gained during resistance training, healthy adults", "grade": "A", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "Meta-analyses of randomized trials (Morton, Tagawa, Nunes) and randomized trials", "pmids": "28698222;26797090;35187864;36057893;29532075;41385355;16948480;16988909", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/adequate-dietary-protein-1-2-to-1-6-g-kg-day" }, { "record_key": "protocols/adequate-dietary-protein-1-2-to-1-6-g-kg-day", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "adequate-dietary-protein-1-2-to-1-6-g-kg-day", "record_name": 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"Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Treating high blood pressure in adults aged 80 and over", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "18378519;34461040", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/blood-pressure-lowering" }, { "record_key": "protocols/blood-pressure-lowering", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "blood-pressure-lowering", "record_name": "Blood pressure lowering: treating high blood pressure and intensive targets", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Dementia or mild cognitive impairment", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "30688979;39819096;40258956;32427305;36282295;18614402;12374512", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/blood-pressure-lowering" }, { "record_key": "protocols/caloric-restriction", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "caloric-restriction", "record_name": "Caloric restriction (sustained ~25%)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Metabolic markers and pace of aging in healthy non-obese adults", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "Randomized controlled trial (CALERIE-2)", "pmids": "26187233;37118425;29424490;29596307;38504468;31303390;26992237;26332798;29045325", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/caloric-restriction" }, { "record_key": "protocols/resistance-before-aerobic-training", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "resistance-before-aerobic-training", "record_name": "Concurrent training sequence: resistance before aerobic (same session)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Lower-body dynamic strength (1RM) and maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) under concurrent training", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "Meta-analysis of randomized trials", "pmids": "28783467;28917030;36776981;37215175;41762427;25449853", "last_reviewed": "2026-08", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/resistance-before-aerobic-training" }, { "record_key": "protocols/coq10-ubiquinol-200-300-mg-day", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "coq10-ubiquinol-200-300-mg-day", "record_name": "CoQ10 (ubiquinone) 300 mg/day", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Heart-failure events, including hospitalization, in chronic heart failure", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "Randomized controlled trials (Q-SYMBIO, Morisco 1993) and meta-analyses", "pmids": "25282031;39462324;8241697;35608922", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/coq10-ubiquinol-200-300-mg-day" }, { "record_key": "protocols/creatine-3-5-g-day", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "creatine-3-5-g-day", "record_name": "Creatine 3–5 g/day", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Objectively measured memory and cognitive test performance", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "Meta-analyses of randomized trials + randomized trials", "pmids": "35984306;36644917;36644912;39070254;37968687;24098469;18579168;17828627;29704637;25993883", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/creatine-3-5-g-day" }, { "record_key": "protocols/dash-dietary-pattern", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "dash-dietary-pattern", "record_name": "DASH dietary pattern", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DASH, DASH-Sodium)", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "Randomized controlled feeding trials (DASH, DASH-Sodium) + meta-analyses of randomized trials", "pmids": "9099655;11136953;25149893;32330233;41206973;40326569", "last_reviewed": "2026-08", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/dash-dietary-pattern" }, { "record_key": "protocols/daytime-napping", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "daytime-napping", "record_name": "Daytime napping (length and timing)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade A for alertness and test performance in the hours after a nap", "grade": "A", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "Randomized laboratory and workplace trials and meta-analyses of them (short-term alertness and performance); cohort studies and genetic analyses on heart disease, mortality and dementia are listed as excluded evidence and carry no letter", "pmids": "16796222;11007448;12220317;10210616;10380949;34639511;32492169;17052562;26715234;37347968;26589387;23411360;28366332;36690376;37700141;42558951;36041284;18554731;28329381;9401427;14652086;21314644;41973339;36337699;31300205;17641220;40592247;24062429", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/daytime-napping" }, { "record_key": "protocols/daytime-napping", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "daytime-napping", "record_name": "Daytime napping (length and timing)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Alertness and cognitive performance in the hours after an afternoon nap, healthy adults", "grade": "A", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "16796222;11007448;12220317;34639511;36041284;36690376;10210616", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/daytime-napping" }, { "record_key": "protocols/daytime-napping", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "daytime-napping", "record_name": "Daytime napping (length and timing)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Cognitive performance during a night shift after an on-shift nap", "grade": "A", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "32492169;17052562;26715234;37347968;26589387;23411360", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/daytime-napping" }, { "record_key": "protocols/daytime-napping", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "daytime-napping", "record_name": "Daytime napping (length and timing)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Physical performance in athletes and physically active young men", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "36690376;37700141;42558951", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/daytime-napping" }, { "record_key": "protocols/daytime-napping", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "daytime-napping", "record_name": "Daytime napping (length and timing)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Memory retention after an afternoon nap", "grade": "A", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "36041284;18554731;28329381", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/daytime-napping" }, { "record_key": "protocols/daytime-napping", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "daytime-napping", "record_name": "Daytime napping (length and timing)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "A short nap combined with caffeine for afternoon sleepiness", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "9401427;14652086", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/daytime-napping" }, { "record_key": "protocols/daytime-napping", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "daytime-napping", "record_name": "Daytime napping (length and timing)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Reducing habitual napping in older adults: verbal memory over one year", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "41973339;21314644", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/daytime-napping" }, { "record_key": "protocols/daytime-eating-night-shift", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "daytime-eating-night-shift", "record_name": "Daytime-only eating during night shift work", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Glucose tolerance after a glucose drink or test meal during night shift work, with meals kept out of the night", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "Two small laboratory trials in people who were not shift workers, and one null pilot trial in night shift workers", "pmids": "34860550;40199860;36095195;39422718;33994064", "last_reviewed": "2026-11", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/daytime-eating-night-shift" }, { "record_key": "protocols/warm-bath-before-bed", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "warm-bath-before-bed", "record_name": "Evening warm bath or shower (40 to 42.5°C water)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Sleep onset latency and sleep quality after a warm bath or shower one to two hours before bed", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "A meta-analysis of small experimental studies, and a null crossover trial", "pmids": "31102877;2578367;3381061;8736588;23669188", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/warm-bath-before-bed" }, { "record_key": "protocols/exercise-dose-weekly-amount", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "exercise-dose-weekly-amount", "record_name": "Exercise dose: how much weekly activity, from minutes a week to daily steps", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade A for more measured fitness with more weekly exercise, in inactive middle-aged and older adults", "grade": "A", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "Randomized trials that assigned different weekly amounts of exercise, a 5-year randomized mortality trial, and a follow-up of two pedometer trials; the daily step and death curve is from cohorts and carries no grade", "pmids": "17507344;16236956;26158265;19132882;26455890;24339390;14718319;22855277;25732273;12421890;31237875;33028588;35247352", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/exercise-dose-weekly-amount" }, { "record_key": "protocols/exercise-dose-weekly-amount", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "exercise-dose-weekly-amount", "record_name": "Exercise dose: how much weekly activity, from minutes a week to daily steps", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Measured VO2max rises more with a larger weekly exercise amount, in inactive middle-aged and older adults", "grade": "A", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "17507344;16236956;26158265;19132882;26455890;24339390", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/exercise-dose-weekly-amount" }, { "record_key": "protocols/exercise-dose-weekly-amount", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "exercise-dose-weekly-amount", "record_name": "Exercise dose: how much weekly activity, from minutes a week to daily steps", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Body weight and fat mass with a larger weekly exercise amount, without dieting", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "14718319;22855277;25732273;24339390", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/exercise-dose-weekly-amount" }, { "record_key": "protocols/exercise-dose-weekly-amount", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "exercise-dose-weekly-amount", "record_name": "Exercise dose: how much weekly activity, from minutes a week to daily steps", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Blood lipoproteins with a larger weekly exercise amount, in overweight adults with mild dyslipidemia", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "12421890;19132882", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/exercise-dose-weekly-amount" }, { "record_key": "protocols/exercise-dose-weekly-amount", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "exercise-dose-weekly-amount", "record_name": "Exercise dose: how much weekly activity, from minutes a week to daily steps", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Heart and circulation events and fractures after a 12-week pedometer walking program, adults aged 45 to 75", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "31237875", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/exercise-dose-weekly-amount" }, { "record_key": "protocols/exercise-dose-weekly-amount", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "exercise-dose-weekly-amount", "record_name": "Exercise dose: how much weekly activity, from minutes a week to daily steps", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Death from any cause, five years of supervised exercise on top of guideline-level activity, adults aged 70 to 77", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "33028588", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/exercise-dose-weekly-amount" }, { "record_key": "protocols/fasting-mimicking-diet", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "fasting-mimicking-diet", "record_name": "Fasting-mimicking diet (FMD, 5-day cycles)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Blood pressure against an unrestricted diet, adults without diabetes", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "Randomized controlled trials + meta-analysis", "pmids": "28202779;38378685;39970875;41372565;40287774;40604264;33420673", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/fasting-mimicking-diet" }, { "record_key": "protocols/fasting-mimicking-diet", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "fasting-mimicking-diet", "record_name": "Fasting-mimicking diet (FMD, 5-day cycles)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Blood pressure against an unrestricted diet, adults without diabetes", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "28202779;39970875;40287774", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/fasting-mimicking-diet" }, { "record_key": "protocols/fasting-mimicking-diet", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "fasting-mimicking-diet", "record_name": "Fasting-mimicking diet (FMD, 5-day cycles)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "HbA1c and IGF-1 against an unrestricted diet, adults without diabetes", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "28202779;40287774", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/fasting-mimicking-diet" }, { "record_key": "protocols/fasting-mimicking-diet", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "fasting-mimicking-diet", "record_name": "Fasting-mimicking diet (FMD, 5-day cycles)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Glycemic management in type 2 diabetes on metformin or diet alone", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "38546821", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/fasting-mimicking-diet" }, { "record_key": "protocols/fecal-microbiota-transplantation", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "fecal-microbiota-transplantation", "record_name": "Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade A for recurrent C. difficile infection", "grade": "A", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "Randomized controlled trials and a Cochrane review (recurrent C. difficile); randomized trials and meta-analyses on metabolic markers (metabolic syndrome and obesity); no completed randomized trial on an aging outcome", "pmids": "23323867;25728808;27547925;30610862;28011612;37096495;35045228;22728514;28978426;32150549;33346848;40877311;37471410;41473248;31665575", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/fecal-microbiota-transplantation" }, { "record_key": "protocols/fecal-microbiota-transplantation", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "fecal-microbiota-transplantation", "record_name": "Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Recurrent C. difficile infection, adults", "grade": "A", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "23323867;25728808;27547925;30610862;37096495;28011612;35045228", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/fecal-microbiota-transplantation" }, { "record_key": "protocols/fecal-microbiota-transplantation", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "fecal-microbiota-transplantation", "record_name": "Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Insulin sensitivity and metabolic markers in metabolic syndrome and obesity", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "22728514;28978426;32150549;33346848;40877311;37471410;41473248", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/fecal-microbiota-transplantation" }, { "record_key": "protocols/fecal-microbiota-transplantation", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "fecal-microbiota-transplantation", "record_name": "Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Aging, frailty and longevity in older or healthy adults", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/fecal-microbiota-transplantation" }, { "record_key": "protocols/general-health-checks", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "general-health-checks", "record_name": "General health checks (multi-organ screening of asymptomatic adults)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "All-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality in adults unselected for disease", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "Cochrane meta-analysis of randomized trials (found no mortality benefit → D)", "pmids": "30699470;24912589;42414985", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/general-health-checks" }, { "record_key": "protocols/hearing-aids-cognitive-decline", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "hearing-aids-cognitive-decline", "record_name": "Hearing aids with audiological counseling, for cognitive decline", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "3-year change in global cognition on a full neurocognitive battery", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "Randomized trials: one large multicenter trial with a prespecified subgroup analysis, one small trial in Alzheimer's disease", "pmids": "37478886;40369891;28387664;2197909", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/hearing-aids-cognitive-decline" }, { "record_key": "protocols/hearing-aids-cognitive-decline", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "hearing-aids-cognitive-decline", "record_name": "Hearing aids with audiological counseling, for cognitive decline", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Cognitive decline over 3 years in older adults with hearing loss at higher risk of decline", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "37478886;40369891", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/hearing-aids-cognitive-decline" }, { "record_key": "protocols/hearing-aids-cognitive-decline", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "hearing-aids-cognitive-decline", "record_name": "Hearing aids with audiological counseling, for cognitive decline", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Cognitive decline over 3 years in adults aged 70 to 84 with untreated hearing loss, overall", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "37478886", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/hearing-aids-cognitive-decline" }, { "record_key": "protocols/hearing-aids-cognitive-decline", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "hearing-aids-cognitive-decline", "record_name": "Hearing aids with audiological counseling, for cognitive decline", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Cognition in people with Alzheimer's disease and hearing loss", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "28387664", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/hearing-aids-cognitive-decline" }, { "record_key": "protocols/combined-hrt-primary-prevention", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "combined-hrt-primary-prevention", "record_name": "Hormone replacement therapy (combined estrogen + progestin, primary prevention)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Chronic disease in healthy postmenopausal women, including breast cancer, stroke and blood clots", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "Randomized controlled trial with extended follow-up + systematic reviews", "pmids": "12117397;24084921;28898378;36318128;42695385", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/combined-hrt-primary-prevention" }, { "record_key": "protocols/hyperbaric-oxygen-hbot-60-sessions-at-2-0-ata", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "hyperbaric-oxygen-hbot-60-sessions-at-2-0-ata", "record_name": "Hyperbaric Oxygen (HBOT) · 60 sessions at 2.0 ATA", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Telomere length, senescent T cells and cognitive measures in healthy older adults", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "Randomized controlled trial", "pmids": "33206062;32589613", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/hyperbaric-oxygen-hbot-60-sessions-at-2-0-ata" }, { "record_key": "protocols/influenza-vaccination-older-adults", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "influenza-vaccination-older-adults", "record_name": "Influenza vaccination (yearly flu shot), for older adults", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Influenza in adults aged 60 and older, diagnosed partly by a rise in antibodies on blood tests", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "Randomized placebo-controlled trials pooled in a Cochrane review; randomized trials of high-dose against standard-dose vaccine", "pmids": "29388197;7966893;31120943;25119609;40888720;23498095;32709434", "last_reviewed": "2026-11", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/influenza-vaccination-older-adults" }, { "record_key": "protocols/influenza-vaccination-older-adults", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "influenza-vaccination-older-adults", "record_name": "Influenza vaccination (yearly flu shot), for older adults", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Influenza in adults aged 60 and older, standard-dose vaccine against placebo", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "29388197;7966893", "last_reviewed": "2026-11", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/influenza-vaccination-older-adults" }, { "record_key": "protocols/influenza-vaccination-older-adults", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "influenza-vaccination-older-adults", "record_name": "Influenza vaccination (yearly flu shot), for older adults", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Death from any cause, standard-dose vaccine against placebo, adults aged 60 and older", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "29388197;31120943", "last_reviewed": "2026-11", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/influenza-vaccination-older-adults" }, { "record_key": "protocols/influenza-vaccination-older-adults", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "influenza-vaccination-older-adults", "record_name": "Influenza vaccination (yearly flu shot), for older adults", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Laboratory-confirmed influenza, high-dose against standard-dose vaccine, adults aged 65 and older", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "25119609", "last_reviewed": "2026-11", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/influenza-vaccination-older-adults" }, { "record_key": "protocols/influenza-vaccination-older-adults", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "influenza-vaccination-older-adults", "record_name": "Influenza vaccination (yearly flu shot), for older adults", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Hospitalization for influenza or pneumonia, high-dose against standard-dose vaccine, adults aged 65 and older", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "40888720", "last_reviewed": "2026-11", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/influenza-vaccination-older-adults" }, { "record_key": "protocols/intermittent-fasting", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "intermittent-fasting", "record_name": "Intermittent fasting (5:2 / alternate-day energy restriction)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Weight and cardiometabolic markers, compared with daily calorie restriction", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "Meta-analyses of randomized trials + one-year RCTs", "pmids": "30583725;28459931;30475957;40533200;41692034;35958257", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/intermittent-fasting" }, { "record_key": "protocols/ketogenic-diet", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "ketogenic-diet", "record_name": "Ketogenic diet (very-low-carbohydrate)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade B for Seizure frequency in children and adolescents with drug-resistant epilepsy", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "Umbrella review and meta-analyses of randomized trials + epilepsy RCTs", "pmids": "37231411;39097343;41621647;42588148;18456557;27027847;32588435;37977712", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/ketogenic-diet" }, { "record_key": "protocols/ketogenic-diet", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "ketogenic-diet", "record_name": "Ketogenic diet (very-low-carbohydrate)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Seizure frequency in children and adolescents with drug-resistant epilepsy", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "self_report", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "18456557;27027847;32588435;37977712", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/ketogenic-diet" }, { "record_key": "protocols/ketogenic-diet", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "ketogenic-diet", "record_name": "Ketogenic diet (very-low-carbohydrate)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Longevity and cardiometabolic markers in adults", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "37231411;39097343;41621647;42588148", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/ketogenic-diet" }, { "record_key": "protocols/l-theanine-200-mg-30-60-min-before-sleep", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "l-theanine-200-mg-30-60-min-before-sleep", "record_name": "L-Theanine 200 mg/day", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Self-reported sleep quality", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "self_report", "evidence_type": "Randomized controlled trial", "pmids": "31623400;42410082;40056718", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/l-theanine-200-mg-30-60-min-before-sleep" }, { "record_key": "protocols/lion-s-mane-1-000-mg-fruiting-body", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "lion-s-mane-1-000-mg-fruiting-body", "record_name": "Lion's Mane 3 g/day fruiting-body powder (as studied)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "A cognitive score (HDS-R) in mild cognitive impairment", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "Randomized controlled trial", "pmids": "18844328;31413233;32581767;36582308;38004235;40276537", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/lion-s-mane-1-000-mg-fruiting-body" }, { "record_key": "protocols/ldl-cholesterol-lowering", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "ldl-cholesterol-lowering", "record_name": "Lipids: lowering LDL cholesterol, and the contrast with raising HDL or lowering triglycerides", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Grade A for heart attack, stroke and death when LDL cholesterol is lowered", "grade": "A", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "Individual-participant meta-analyses and randomized outcome trials; genetic (Mendelian randomization) studies are listed as excluded evidence and carry no letter", "pmids": "16214597;21067804;7968073;26039521;28304224;30403574;27673306;7566020;18997196;27040132;22607822;41211925;17984165;23126252;28514624;28847206;22085343;25014686;38587254;20228404;36342113;20462635;30415628;17398308;33190147;35762321;9841303;12114036;36876740;30712900;42880684", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/ldl-cholesterol-lowering" }, { "record_key": "protocols/ldl-cholesterol-lowering", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "ldl-cholesterol-lowering", "record_name": "Lipids: lowering LDL cholesterol, and the contrast with raising HDL or lowering triglycerides", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Heart attack, stroke and death, lowering LDL cholesterol in people with established vascular disease or after an acute coronary syndrome", "grade": "A", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "16214597;21067804;7968073;26039521;28304224;30403574;27673306", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/ldl-cholesterol-lowering" }, { "record_key": "protocols/ldl-cholesterol-lowering", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "ldl-cholesterol-lowering", "record_name": "Lipids: lowering LDL cholesterol, and the contrast with raising HDL or lowering triglycerides", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Heart attack, stroke and cardiovascular death, lowering LDL cholesterol in people without vascular disease who are at raised risk", "grade": "A", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "7566020;18997196;27040132;22607822;41211925;16214597", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/ldl-cholesterol-lowering" }, { "record_key": "protocols/ldl-cholesterol-lowering", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "ldl-cholesterol-lowering", "record_name": "Lipids: lowering LDL cholesterol, and the contrast with raising HDL or lowering triglycerides", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Heart attack, stroke and death, raising HDL cholesterol with CETP inhibitors, niacin or apolipoprotein A1 infusion", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "17984165;23126252;28514624;28847206;22085343;25014686;38587254;27673306", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/ldl-cholesterol-lowering" }, { "record_key": "protocols/ldl-cholesterol-lowering", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "ldl-cholesterol-lowering", "record_name": "Lipids: lowering LDL cholesterol, and the contrast with raising HDL or lowering triglycerides", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Heart 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"Grade B for moving the body clock earlier; C for sleep itself", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "Randomized laboratory and clinical trials and meta-analyses of them; population studies of personal light exposure, mood, sleep and mortality are listed as excluded evidence and carry no letter", "pmids": "12932084;24179293;21704557;30084658;12717008;19187411;7717792;37374270;37002704;39733392;42263407;26606319;31108433;2267478;29680419;24132057;22131604;42008244;31202686;24574061;35180479;16035127;16050432;9844752;15600135;18544724;22406033;26181467;39821044;39627630;21597232;34099750;39747347;10584776;15106233;39405349;34488088;34420891", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/morning-bright-light-exposure" }, { "record_key": "protocols/morning-bright-light-exposure", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "morning-bright-light-exposure", "record_name": "Morning bright light (light box or daylight) for sleep and the body 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"pmids": "24574061;35180479;16035127;16050432;9844752;15600135", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/morning-bright-light-exposure" }, { "record_key": "protocols/morning-bright-light-exposure", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "morning-bright-light-exposure", "record_name": "Morning bright light (light box or daylight) for sleep and the body clock", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Whole-day bright ceiling light in group care homes: cognitive decline and daily function", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "18544724;24574061", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/morning-bright-light-exposure" }, { "record_key": "protocols/morning-bright-light-exposure", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "morning-bright-light-exposure", "record_name": "Morning bright light (light box or daylight) for sleep and the body clock", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Older adults with memory impairment living at home: 30 minutes of bright light within 30 minutes of rising", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "22406033", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/morning-bright-light-exposure" }, { "record_key": "protocols/morning-bright-light-exposure", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "morning-bright-light-exposure", "record_name": "Morning bright light (light box or daylight) for sleep and the body clock", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "use", "scope": "Older adults without dementia: sleep with brighter morning or daytime indoor light", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "26181467;39821044;39627630", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/morning-bright-light-exposure" }, { "record_key": "protocols/morning-bright-light-exposure", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": 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two to four months of daily mouth and throat exercises", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "self_report", "evidence_type": "A Cochrane review and a second meta-analysis of randomized trials against sham exercises", "pmids": "33141943;19234106;37606313;25348130;16377643", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/myofunctional-therapy-sleep-apnea" }, { "record_key": "protocols/nmn-250-500-mg-day-morning", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "nmn-250-500-mg-day-morning", "record_name": "NMN 250–500 mg/day", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Insulin sensitivity and blood NAD", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "Randomized controlled trials (Yoshino; Yi)", "pmids": "33888596;36482258", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/nmn-250-500-mg-day-morning" }, { "record_key": "protocols/oat-beta-glucan-3-g-day-for-ldl-c", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "oat-beta-glucan-3-g-day-for-ldl-c", "record_name": "Oat beta-glucan (3 g/day or more) for LDL-C", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "LDL cholesterol", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "Meta-analyses of randomized trials, with a molecular-weight trial", "pmids": "25411276;27724985;35631184;20660224;41535271", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/oat-beta-glucan-3-g-day-for-ldl-c" }, { "record_key": "protocols/omega-3-dha-1-2-g-day", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "omega-3-dha-1-2-g-day", "record_name": "Omega-3 DHA 1–2 g/day", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Cognitive function in older adults", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "Randomized controlled trials + meta-analysis of randomized trials", "pmids": "20434961;22305186;42000571;42612546;29722833;28359749;32060571", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": 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"endpoint_type": "self_report", "evidence_type": "Meta-analyses of sham-controlled trials, mixed (self-reported outcomes)", "pmids": "30552258;31583420;42075549;21491410;39387850", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/pemf-pulsed-electromagnetic-field" }, { "record_key": "protocols/phosphatidylserine-300-mg-day-soy-derived", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": "phosphatidylserine-300-mg-day-soy-derived", "record_name": "Phosphatidylserine 300 mg/day (soy-derived)", "kind": "Protocol", "level": "record", "scope": "Memory in older adults with memory complaints", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "Randomized controlled trial", "pmids": "8323999;21103034;20523044;11842880", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/p/phosphatidylserine-300-mg-day-soy-derived" }, { "record_key": "protocols/plant-sterols-1-6-2-g-day-with-largest-meal", "collection": "protocols", "record_id": 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Lancet 2009, LLLT neck pain)", "pmids": "19913903;40437920;32680739;27207675;41789279", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/photobiomodulation-skin-msk" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/photobiomodulation-skin-msk", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "photobiomodulation-skin-msk", "record_name": "Photobiomodulation (musculoskeletal)", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "use", "scope": "Chronic neck pain and chronic tendinopathy pain, low-level laser therapy", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "self_report", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "19913903;40437920", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/photobiomodulation-skin-msk" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/photobiomodulation-skin-msk", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "photobiomodulation-skin-msk", "record_name": "Photobiomodulation (musculoskeletal)", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "use", "scope": 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"record", "scope": "Any health outcome of regular steam room use, steam compared with no steam", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "No randomized trial of steam against no steam; trials of add-ons only", "pmids": "29397091;39459464;30588730;37979477;35193165;33957713", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/steam-bath" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/fit-test-colorectal", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "fit-test-colorectal", "record_name": "Stool-based colorectal screening (gFOBT and FIT)", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "record", "scope": "Colorectal cancer mortality (hard endpoint), graded separately by test", "grade": "A", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "Randomized trials of the screening strategy, by test", "pmids": "24047060;42254696;39028667;40158525;22356323", "last_reviewed": "2026-09", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/fit-test-colorectal" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/fit-test-colorectal", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "fit-test-colorectal", "record_name": "Stool-based colorectal screening (gFOBT and FIT)", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "use", "scope": "Colorectal cancer mortality, guaiac FOBT (gFOBT)", "grade": "A", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "24047060;42254696", "last_reviewed": "2026-09", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/fit-test-colorectal" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/fit-test-colorectal", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "fit-test-colorectal", "record_name": "Stool-based colorectal screening (gFOBT and FIT)", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "use", "scope": "Colorectal cancer mortality, fecal immunochemical test (FIT) specifically", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "39028667;42254696", "last_reviewed": "2026-09", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/fit-test-colorectal" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/fit-test-colorectal", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "fit-test-colorectal", "record_name": "Stool-based colorectal screening (gFOBT and FIT)", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "use", "scope": "Colorectal cancer mortality versus colonoscopy", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "40158525;22356323", "last_reviewed": "2026-09", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/fit-test-colorectal" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/therapeutic-plasma-exchange", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "therapeutic-plasma-exchange", "record_name": "Therapeutic plasma exchange (plasmapheresis for aging)", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "record", "scope": "Epigenetic clocks and circulating biomarkers of aging", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "One small single-blinded trial with entry-date allocation; one trial of a different procedure, unfavorable", "pmids": "40424097;40592961", "last_reviewed": "2026-08", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/therapeutic-plasma-exchange" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/therapeutic-ultrasound", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "therapeutic-ultrasound", "record_name": "Therapeutic Ultrasound", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "record", "scope": "Temporomandibular disorder pain (mixed: pooled analysis favorable, sham-controlled trials null)", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "self_report", "evidence_type": "Network meta-analysis of randomized trials plus small sham-controlled trials, mixed", "pmids": "42332459;29767650;37721730;32623724;35315745", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/therapeutic-ultrasound" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/finnish-sauna", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "finnish-sauna", "record_name": "Traditional Finnish Sauna (dry sauna)", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "record", "scope": "Blood pressure and cardiorespiratory fitness when sauna follows exercise; headache pain (self-report)", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "Randomized controlled trials", "pmids": "35785965;37650138;40611569;25636135;21143077;22863164", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/finnish-sauna" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/finnish-sauna", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "finnish-sauna", "record_name": "Traditional Finnish Sauna (dry sauna)", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "use", "scope": "Blood pressure and fitness when sauna follows regular exercise", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "35785965;22863164;37650138", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/finnish-sauna" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/finnish-sauna", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "finnish-sauna", "record_name": "Traditional Finnish Sauna (dry sauna)", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "use", "scope": "Vascular function in stable coronary artery disease", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "37650138", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/finnish-sauna" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/finnish-sauna", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "finnish-sauna", "record_name": "Traditional Finnish Sauna (dry sauna)", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "use", "scope": "Heart rate variability when sauna follows regular exercise", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "40611569", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/finnish-sauna" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/finnish-sauna", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "finnish-sauna", "record_name": "Traditional Finnish Sauna (dry sauna)", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "use", "scope": "Chronic tension-type headache pain", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "self_report", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "25636135", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/finnish-sauna" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/finnish-sauna", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "finnish-sauna", "record_name": "Traditional Finnish Sauna (dry sauna)", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "use", "scope": "Common cold symptoms, breathing hot sauna air during a cold", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "self_report", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "21143077", "last_reviewed": "2026-10", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/finnish-sauna" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/tdcs", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "tdcs", "record_name": "Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "record", "scope": "Depressive symptoms in major depression on blinded clinician-rated scales (HAM-D, MADRS), mixed", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "clinician_rated", "evidence_type": "Randomized sham-controlled trials and meta-analyses, inconsistent", "pmids": "42435147;41498282;23389323;28657871;37414064;29111077;38170541;39433921;40531534", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/tdcs" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/tdcs", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "tdcs", "record_name": "Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "use", "scope": "Depressive symptoms in major depression, clinic-administered", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "clinician_rated", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "41498282;23389323;28657871;37414064;29111077;40531534", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/tdcs" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/tdcs", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "tdcs", "record_name": "Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "use", "scope": "Depressive symptoms in major depression, home-based", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "clinician_rated", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "39433921;38170541", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/tdcs" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "transcranial-magnetic-stimulation", "record_name": "Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) for Depression", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "record", "scope": "Response and remission in treatment-resistant major depression on blinded clinician-rated scales (HAM-D, MADRS)", "grade": "A", "endpoint_type": "clinician_rated", "evidence_type": "Randomized controlled trials + meta-analysis of randomized trials", "pmids": "17573044;20439832;25655160;29946106;23507264;28030740;30917990;31901449;23399312;29955803;25683231;35044731;41997374;42383744;42418203", "last_reviewed": "2026-09", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/transcranial-pbm", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "transcranial-pbm", "record_name": "Transcranial Photobiomodulation", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "record", "scope": "Cognition (limited human evidence)", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "Systematic review of randomized trials", "pmids": "37843594", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/transcranial-pbm" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/tvns", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "tvns", "record_name": "Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "record", "scope": "Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in older adults having major surgery, on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment", "grade": "A", "endpoint_type": "clinician_rated", "evidence_type": "Randomized sham-controlled trials and meta-analyses, by use", "pmids": "42339645;42104979;42456197;35809206;41835922;36150665;34043386;41506123;37119426", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/tvns" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/tvns", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "tvns", "record_name": "Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "use", "scope": "Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in older adults having major surgery", "grade": "A", "endpoint_type": "clinician_rated", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "35809206;42104979;42456197;41835922", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/tvns" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/tvns", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "tvns", "record_name": "Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "use", "scope": "Cognitive test performance in healthy adults and mixed clinical samples", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "42339645;34043386", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/tvns" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/tvns", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "tvns", "record_name": "Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "use", "scope": "Cognition in mild cognitive impairment", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "36150665", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/devices/tvns" }, { "record_key": "device_modalities/tvns", "collection": "device_modalities", "record_id": "tvns", "record_name": "Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation", "kind": "Device or modality", "level": "use", "scope": "Heart 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"longevity_rx", "record_id": "metformin-longevity", "record_name": "Metformin (for longevity)", "kind": "Longevity Rx", "level": "record", "scope": "Muscle and mitochondrial gains from exercise training in healthy older adults", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "Randomized controlled trials", "pmids": "31557380;30548390;33071237;42532077", "last_reviewed": "2026-08", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/rx/metformin-longevity" }, { "record_key": "longevity_rx/rapamycin", "collection": "longevity_rx", "record_id": "rapamycin", "record_name": "Rapamycin (Sirolimus)", "kind": "Longevity Rx", "level": "record", "scope": "Visceral adiposity and physical function (chair-stand repetitions) in older adults", "grade": "D", "endpoint_type": "functional", "evidence_type": "Three randomized placebo-controlled trials, null primaries (D Route 2)", "pmids": "40188830;41985884;41524558;29408453", "last_reviewed": "2026-07", "url": 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"record_name": "Tirzepatide", "kind": "Longevity Rx", "level": "use", "scope": "Apnea-hypopnea index in adults with obesity and moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea", "grade": "B", "endpoint_type": "surrogate", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "38912654", "last_reviewed": "2026-08", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/rx/tirzepatide" }, { "record_key": "longevity_rx/tirzepatide", "collection": "longevity_rx", "record_id": "tirzepatide", "record_name": "Tirzepatide", "kind": "Longevity Rx", "level": "use", "scope": "Onset of type 2 diabetes in obesity with prediabetes", "grade": "C", "endpoint_type": "hard", "evidence_type": "", "pmids": "39536238", "last_reviewed": "2026-08", "url": "https://evidencebasedlongevity.co/rx/tirzepatide" } ] }